Topology of global value chains : focus on the manufacturing industry, 2000-2015

The increasing presence of global value chains (GVCs) has been considered one of the most important phenomena of 21st century international trade. A better understanding of GVCs is crucial for both trade policy making and business practices. This study applies various network analysis tools to the new GVC accounting system in which gross exports are decomposed into value-added terms through various GVC routes based on the ADB Multi-Regional Input–Output Tables (2000–2015). Using the proposed decomposition framework, the study helps divide manufacturing-related GVCs into sub-networks with clear visualization of countries’ participation patterns. The empirical results show that GVCs are not always like “chains”, but complex networks of hubs and spokes; GVCs are not very “global”, but still remain to be “regional”. These findings can significantly improve our understanding of the interdependency of countries in GVCs, which are normally invisible in traditional trade statistics

Ethyl 4-anilino-3-nitrobenzoate

In the title compound, C15H14N2O4, the aromatic rings are oriented at a dihedral angle of 78.33 (3)°. An intra­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bond results in a non-planar six-membered ring with a flattened-boat conformation. In the crystal structure, inter­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol­ecules. π–π contacts between the phenyl rings and both the phenyl and benzene rings, [centroid–centroid distances = 3.841 (3) and 3.961 (3) Å] may further stabilize the structure

4-Chloro-3-nitro­benzonitrile

In the title compound, C7H3ClN2O2, the Cl, C and N atoms are coplanar with the aromatic ring. In the crystal structure, weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O and C—H⋯N hydrogen bonds link the mol­ecules. The π–π contact between the benzene rings, [centroid–centroid distances = 3.912 (3) Å] may further stabilize the structure

A Suggestion of Converting Protein Intrinsic Disorder to Struc-tural Entropy using Shannon's Information Theory

Supplementary materials