Standard Model With Higgs As Gauge Field On Fourth Homotopy Group

Based upon a first principle, the generalized gauge principle, we construct a general model with $G_L\times G'_R \times Z_2$ gauge symmetry, where $Z_2=\pi_4(G_L)$ is the fourth homotopy group of the gauge group $G_L$, by means of the non-commutative differential geometry and reformulate the Weinberg-Salam model and the standard model with the Higgs field being a gauge field on the fourth homotopy group of their gauge groups. We show that in this approach not only the Higgs field is automatically introduced on the equal footing with ordinary Yang-Mills gauge potentials and there are no extra constraints among the parameters at the tree level but also it most importantly is stable against quantum correlation.Comment: 19 pages, Latex, ASITP-94-2

Fault‐tolerant control technology of symmetrical six‐phase permanent magnet synchronous motor

Abstract In comparison with three‐phase motors, multiphase motors have garnered increasing attention owing to their high fault‐tolerant ability. When the motor has an open‐circuit fault, the stator combined magnetomotive force (MMF) changes, αβ and z1z2 subspaces are no longer decoupled, and the conventional vector control causes phase current distortion, harmonic current increase, and torque fluctuation of the motor. To address the aforementioned problems, first, the mathematical model of the common neutral symmetric six‐phase permanent magnet synchronous motor in the static coordinate system is presented in this paper. Second, the transformation matrix of αβ and z1z2 subspace decoupling is proposed, and the corresponding mathematical model of decreasing order is constructed. Third, considering the orthogonal vector of the remaining dimension after the phase fault, the reduced‐order transformation matrix expression of the general single‐phase fault is obtained, which is further extended to the double‐phase fault. Fourth, the harmonic current of the z1z2 subspace was tracked and controlled by the proportional integral resonant (PIR) regulator. Finally, simulation and experimental verification are performed, and the results demonstrate that the fault‐tolerant control algorithm proposed in this paper can effectively reduce the torque ripple and it has good dynamic performance after an open‐circuit fault

Key factors capturing the willingness to use automated vehicles for travel in China.

With the continuous advancement of technology, automated vehicle technology is progressively maturing. It is crucial to comprehend the factors influencing individuals' intention to utilize automated vehicles. This study examined user willingness to adopt automated vehicles. By incorporating age and educational background as random parameters, an ordered Probit model with random parameters was constructed to analyze the influential factors affecting respondents' adoption of automated vehicles. We devised and conducted an online questionnaire survey, yielding 2105 valid questionnaires. The findings reveal significant positive correlations between positive social trust, perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, low levels of perceived risk, and the acceptance of automated vehicles. Additionally, our study identifies extraversion and openness as strong mediators in shaping individuals' intentions to use automated vehicles. Furthermore, prior experience with assisted driving negatively impacts people's inclination toward embracing automated vehicles. Our research also provides insights for promoting the adoption of automated vehicles: favorable media coverage and a reasonable division of responsibilities can enhance individuals' intentions to adopt this technology

Fault Diagnosis Method of Six-Phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Based on Vector Space Decoupling

Compared with the three-phase motor, the six-phase motor has lower torque ripple and higher fault tolerance performance, which makes it widely used in aviation, ships, industrial manufacturing, and other application fields. However, the probability of failure of the polyphase motor system increases with the increase in the number of phases. In order to deal with the open phase fault and power switch fault of the six-phase inverter, a fault diagnosis method for the six-phase inverter based on vector space decoupling (VSD) is proposed. The open phase fault index is first determined according to the VSD decoupling inverse transform and the current constraints. The fault index is then optimized from the perspective of preventing misdiagnosis and improving reliability, and the open phase fault can be diagnosed in one fundamental cycle. In addition, the current trajectory of harmonic plane after switch fault is analyzed, and the back propagation (BP) neural network is used to identify the harmonic plane current trajectory of different types of switch fault. Finally, the correctness and feasibility of the proposed fault diagnosis method are verified by simulations and experiments. The obtained results demonstrate that the proposed method can quickly and accurately locate the open phase fault and switch fault without additional hardware. The proposed method is simple, efficient, and robust

Effect of peripheral nerve block versus general anesthesia on the hemodynamics and prognosis of diabetic patients undergoing diabetic foot Surgery

Abstract Background Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) represent a significant foot-related concern for patients with multiple co-morbidities, and surgical intervention is often employed. Notably, peripheral nerve block anesthesia (PNB) has emerged as a new approach for the surgical management of DFUs, providing sustained hemodynamic stability and superior postoperative pain control compared to general anesthesia (GEA). Methods The present study utilized a retrospective analysis of hospitalized patients who met the inclusion criteria for DFUs over a period of 7 years. Patients were categorized into two groups based on the type of anesthesia employed during the procedure: GEA or PNB. Extensive patient information was gathered and analyzed, such as demographics, intraoperative hemodynamic parameters, numeric rating scale (NRS) scores, and healing outcomes. The preliminary results assessed in this study were intraoperative hemodynamic stability and postoperative analgesic efficacy. Results During the study period, 117 patients received surgical therapy based on GEA, while 145 patients received PNB. Notably, the mean intraoperative blood pressure was significantly lower in the GEA group, and this difference remained statistically significant even after Bonferroni adjustment using linear mixed models. Additionally, the frequency of hypotensive episodes was higher in the GEA group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the perioperative transfusion volume, overall intraoperative fluid input, and intraoperative bleeding volume were significantly more significant in the GEA group than in the PNB group. The postoperative pain NRS scores differed considerably between the two groups (Bonferroni corrected P < 0.01), with the GEA group exhibiting higher opioid consumption on the day of surgery and the first postoperative day when using patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA). Supplemental analgesic medication was more significant in the GEA group 24 h postoperatively. However, the two groups had no difference in hospital stay or treatment outcomes. There was no difference between the two groups regarding secondary surgery and amputation procedures. Although the 5-year mortality rate is 30.5%, no significant difference in mortality rates between the two groups was observed. Conclusions Compared to GEA, PNB is a safe and effective alternative therapy for managing DFUs. Our findings suggest that PNB administration during surgical intervention for this condition results in more stable intraoperative hemodynamics and superior postoperative analgesic effects, despite no significant difference in overall treatment outcomes between the two groups. The two groups did not differ in re-surgery, amputation, or 5-year mortality