Еволюція топоформанта -щина в слов’янських мовах та його рефлекси в реґіональній історичній ойконімії

У статті автор на широкому географічно-історичному тлі простежує еволюцію топоформанта -щина в слов'янській топонімії детально аналізує рефлекси цього суфікса в реґіональній історичній ойконімії на прикладі дев'яти назв (і 12-ти мікроойконімних варіантів) населених пунктів Галицької та Львівської земель Руського воєводства із подальшим встановленням їхньої етимологи.В статье автор на широком географическо-историческом фоне прослеживает эволюцию топонимического форманта -щина в славянской топонимии детально анализирует рефлексы этого суффикса в региональной исторической ойконимии на примере девяти названий (с 12-ю микроойконимными вариантами) населенных пунктов Галицкой и Львовской земель Русского воеводства с последующим установлением их этимологии.The author traces the evolution of topoformant -schyna on the basis of historical and geographical studies in Slavic Toponymy. Reflexes of the suffix are analyzed in regional historical oykonymy in 12 toponyms (and their 12 microokonymic variants) of villages and towns of Halych and Lviv Lands of Ruske Woyewodstwo. Their etymology is also analysed

Applying airborne electromagnetics in 3D stochastic geohydrological modelling for determining groundwater protection

Airborne electromagnetic (AEM) measurements provide information regarding the electrical properties of the subsurface for large spatial coverage in a limited time. In mapping and modelling for geological and geohydrological purposes, electrical properties (e.g. resistivity) need to be converted to relevant parameters, like lithology. Helicopter-borne frequency-domain EM measurements from an area in the Netherlands were combined with borehole data to create a 3D model of two contrasting lithologies (sand and clay) that served as proxy for assessing the vulnerability of the aquifer to surface contamination. By comparing the lithology found in boreholes with the resistivity derived from AEM at that location, a probabilistic relationship between these two variables was determined. This relationship was used to convert the AEM resistivity models into a 3D model of clay probability. Using geostatistical Monte Carlo simulations, the boreholes (hard data) and the probability of clay from the AEM resistivity models (soft data) were combined. AEM improved the 3D model substantially, compared to using only borehole data. An independent validation dataset verified the improvement of the 3D model using AEM data. Areas with a high probability of clay occurrence could be distinguished and a clay thickness map with uncertainty (standard deviation) was calculated. Using a simple groundwater model, the capability of the clay to protect the underlying aquifer from contamination was quantified. This resulted in the delineation of distinct areas that are well protected due to the large travel time for infiltrating water from the surface to the aquifer

Geological characterization of the Dutch Wadden Sea using shallow reflection seismics

Mapping of the Dutch Wadden Sea is a major challenge as it is an intertidal zone and therefore has limited accessibility by surveying vessels. Hence, the current subsurface model of the Dutch Wadden Sea is based on a sparse density of lithological information derived from core samples and seismic data. To improve the vertical and lateral detail of the current model of the shallow subsurface of the Wadden Sea area, additional seismic surveys were performed during 2007 and 2008. Four types of source and receiver systems were deployed simultaneously to provide subsurface information at different depth ranges. Results indicate that the amount of distorting interference by deploying different seismic sources simultaneously was insignificant for the major part of the data. Lithostratigraphic horizons, as defined in the existing subsurface model, were correlated to seismic horizons. The outcomes of the study showed that the use of seismic data, in addition to core samples, provides valued information for mapping and modeling of the shallow subsurface of the Dutch Wadden Sea. As a next step, this information derived from multiple shallow reflection seismics can be used to improve the current subsurface model

The Dutch Rhine-Meuse delta in 3D: A validation of model results

The Geological Survey of the Netherlands aims at building a 3D geological property model of the upper 30 meters of the Dutch subsurface. This model, called GeoTOP, provides a basis for answering subsurface related questions on, amongst others, sand and gravel resources. Modelling is carried out per province using a core-database containing several hundreds of thousands of core-descriptions, the majority of which reach down to around 10 to 15m, and a context of geological maps. This study focuses on the model of the province of Zuid-Holland where major cities like Rotterdam and The Hague are situated and the Rivers Rhine and Meuse enter the North Sea. A stepwise procedure consisting of automated database queries, 2D modelling of stratigraphic surfaces and 3D property modelling, resulted in a model of 50 million volume cells, each measuring 100 by 100 meters in horizontal directions and 0.5 meters in the vertical direction, every cell having estimates of lithology (sand, clay, peat) and sand-grain size class data. Running simulations, using the Sequential Indicator Simulation algorithm, resulted in information on the probabilities of the aforementioned properties. In the study presented here we focussed on two subjects. First we compared the above described GeoTOP model with two "quick and dirty" models constructed several years ago. The most important and visible difference between those models is the geological framework model used, which has more detail in GeoTOP. By comparing the two, we show the effect of detailed modelling on the cumulative exploitable reserves of aggregates. Secondly we show the effect of data density on GeoTOP modelling results. Using GeoTOP of Zuid-Holland gives us a opportunity to study the effect on the results of the amount of data used. We have therefore carried out a validation using subsequently less borehole information to estimate properties on a constant validation set. Organisations: Golder Magyarorszag ZRt.; Mecsekerc Zrt.; MO

Subsidence in the holocene delta of The Netherlands

The low-lying part of The Netherlands is very vulnerable in terms of surface subsidence due to peat oxidation and peat/clay compaction. To gain knowledge about this kind of subsidence and the factors driving it, a study was performed in which as many surface elevation data were collected as possible and processed to obtain a subsidence map. Quality control was an important step in this study, as it controlled the decision to use measurements for the final map. Subsidence rates were derived by fitting a linear trend line through the altitude measurements in time. The result is a map of the historic subsidence rates, with the main focus on the Holocene area. This map points out areas that are vulnerable to (future) subsidence and will be a valuable tool for regional policy makers such as water boards. Copyright © 2010 IAHS Press

Compaction parameter estimation using surface movement data in Southern Flevoland

The Southern part of the Flevopolder has shown considerable subsidence since its reclamation i