Research Training Group Group‐Focused Enmity

Attitudes and prejudices towards people of different religious, social and ethnic origins. Religion and religiousness. Gender roles. Attitudes towards Muslim fellow citizens. Personal goals. Personal identification. Topics: Identification as German; feeling of belonging to a religious community; self-classification on an upper-bottom scale; left-right self-assessment; scales: Right-Wing Authoritarianism; Social Dominance Orientation; Responsibilisation; Entrepreneurial self; Protestant work ethic; Islamophobia; Homophobia; Xenophobia; Traditional anti-Semitism; Anti-Semitic criticism of Israel; Established privileges; Racism; Sexism; Devaluation of the long-term unemployed; Intention to discriminate against the long-term unemployed; Anti-Americanism; General perception of competition in society; Perceived ethnic competition (general/realistic); Perceived ethnic competition (general/symbolic); Perceived ethnic competition (personal); Perceived ethnic threat (realistic); Perceived ethnic threat (symbolic); Intention to discriminate against migrants; Intergroup contact; Religious identification; Religious centrality; Religious pluralism; Religious fundamentalism; Insecurity; Secondary anti-Semitism; Standard on freedom of expression; Anti-Semitism standard; Anti-Semitic detour communication; Rape myth acceptance; Respect (concerning Muslims); Liking (concerning Muslims); Private contact (concerning Muslims); Work-related contact (concerning Muslims); Prejudices against Muslim women; Target orientation; Gender identity. Demography: German nationality; denomination; German nationality of parents and grandparents (migration background); self-definition as migrant vs. German; sex; age (classified); highest general school leaving certificate; vocational qualification; employment status or other situation; household size; number of persons contributing to household income; household net income; personal net income; willingness to participate again. Additionally coded was: ID; details to which split the respondent belongs; interview duration in minutes; contact details of the respondent; federal state; city size.Einstellungen und Vorurteile gegenüber Menschen unterschiedlicher religiöser, sozialer und ethnischer Herkunft. Religion und Religiosität. Geschlechterrollen, Einstellung zu muslimischen Mitbürgern. Persönliche Ziele. Persönliche Identifikation. Themen: Identifikation als Deutsche/r; Gefühl der Zugehörigkeit zu einer Religionsgemeinschaft; Selbsteinstufung auf einer Oben-Unten-Skala; Links-Rechts-Selbsteinstufung; Skalen: Rechter Autoritarismus (Right-Wing Authoritarianism); Soziale Dominanz; Responsibilisierung; Unternehmerisches Selbst; Protestantische Arbeitsethik; Islamophobie; Homophobie; Xenophobie; Traditioneller Antisemitismus; Antisemitische Israelkritik; Etabliertenvorrechte; Rassismus; Sexismus; Abwertung von Langzeitarbeitslosen; Diskriminierungsintention gegen Langzeitarbeitslose Antiamerikanismus; Allgemeine Wettbewerbswahrnehmung in der Gesellschaft; Wahrgenommene ethnische Konkurrenz (allgemein/realistisch); Wahrgenommene ethnische Konkurrenz (allgemein/symbolisch); Wahrgenommene ethnische Konkurrenz (persönlich); Wahrgenommene ethnische Bedrohung (realistisch); Wahrgenommene ethnische Bedrohung (symbolisch); Diskriminierungsintention gegen Migranten; Intergruppenkontakt; Religiöse Identifikation; Religiöse Zentralität; Religiöser Pluralismus; Religiöser Fundamentalismus; Unsicherheit; Sekundärer Antisemitismus; Norm zur freien Meinungsäußerung; Norm gegen Antisemitismus; Antisemitische Umwegkommunikation; Vergewaltigungsmythenakzeptanz; Respekt in Bezug auf Muslime; Sympathie für Muslime; Private Kontakte zu Muslimen; Arbeitsbedingte Kontakte zu Muslimen; Vorurteile gegenüber muslimischen Frauen; Zielorientierung; Geschlechtsidentität. Demographie: Deutsche Staatsangehörigkeit; Konfession; deutsche Staatsangehörigkeit der Eltern und Großeltern (Migrationshintergrund); Selbstdefinition als Migrant vs. Deutscher; Geschlecht; Alter (klassiert); höchster allgemeinbildender Schulabschluss; beruflicher Ausbildungsabschluss; Erwerbsstatus bzw. sonstige Situation; Haushaltsgröße; Anzahl Personen, die zum Haushaltseinkommen beitragen; Haushaltsnettoeinkommen; persönliches Nettoeinkommen; Wiederbefragungsbereitschaft. Zusätzlich verkodet wurde: ID; Angabe, zu welchem Split der Befragte gehört; Interviewdauer in Minuten; Kontaktdaten des Befragten; Bundesland; Ortsgröße

Characterization of Pt-coated twin paraboloidal laboratory capillary high energy X-ray optics

Novel focusing optics composed of twin paraboloidal capillaries coated with Pt, for laboratory X-ray sources are presented and characterized. The optics are designed to focus the X-rays, resulting in an achromatic focused beam with photon energies up to 40x2009;keV. The performance of the optics under different operational conditions is studied by comparing the energy-photon count spectra of the direct and focused beams. Based on these analyses, the optics gain and efficiency as a function of photon energy are determined. A focal spot of 8.5x2009;x00B5;m with a divergence angle of 0.59x00B0; is observed. The obtained characteristics are discussed and related to theoretical considerations. Moreover, the suitability and advantages of the present optics for X-ray microdiffraction is demonstrated using polycrystalline aluminium. Finally, possibilities for further developments are suggested

Direct Detection of Unnatural DNA Nucleotides dNaM and d5SICS using the MspA Nanopore.

Malyshev et al. showed that the four-letter genetic code within a living organism could be expanded to include the unnatural DNA bases dNaM and d5SICS. However, verification and detection of these unnatural bases in DNA requires new sequencing techniques. Here we provide proof of concept detection of dNaM and d5SICS in DNA oligomers via nanopore sequencing using the nanopore MspA. We find that both phi29 DNA polymerase and Hel308 helicase are capable of controlling the motion of DNA containing dNaM and d5SICS through the pore and that single reads are sufficient to detect the presence and location of dNaM and d5SICS within single molecules

Investigating asymmetric salt profiles for nanopore DNA sequencing with biological porin MspA

<div><p>Nanopore DNA sequencing is a promising single-molecule analysis technology. This technique relies on a DNA motor enzyme to control movement of DNA precisely through a nanopore. Specific experimental buffer conditions are required based on the preferred operating conditions of the DNA motor enzyme. While many DNA motor enzymes typically operate in salt concentrations under 100 mM, salt concentration simultaneously affects signal and noise magnitude as well as DNA capture rate in nanopore sequencing, limiting standard experimental conditions to salt concentrations greater than ~100 mM in order to maintain adequate resolution and experimental throughput. We evaluated the signal contribution from ions on both sides of the membrane (<i>cis</i> and <i>trans</i>) by varying <i>cis</i> and <i>trans</i> [KCl] independently during phi29 DNA Polymerase-controlled translocation of DNA through the biological porin MspA. Our studies reveal that during DNA translocation, the negatively charged DNA increases cation selectivity through MspA with the majority of current produced by the flow of K⁺ ions from <i>trans</i> to <i>cis</i>. Varying <i>trans</i> [K⁺] has dramatic effects on the signal magnitude, whereas changing <i>cis</i> [Cl^-] produces only small effects. Good signal-to-noise can be maintained with <i>cis</i> [Cl^-] as small as 20 mM, if the concentration of KCl on the <i>trans</i> side is kept high. These results demonstrate the potential of using salt-sensitive motor enzymes (helicases, polymerases, recombinases) in nanopore systems and offer a guide for selecting buffer conditions in future experiments to simultaneously optimize signal, throughput, and enzyme activity.</p></div

Effect of <i>trans</i> [K⁺] on currents through MspA.

<p>(A) Current traces of phi29 DNAP controlled DNA translocation were recorded over a range of <i>trans</i> [K⁺] and at 200 mM <i>cis</i> [Cl^-]. All experiments were performed at pH 8.00 ± 0.05. Panel A shows individual reads of the same DNA sequence over a range of concentrations (108 mM to 2 M <i>trans</i> [K⁺] with an applied voltage of 180 mV). For each <i>trans</i> condition, the unblocked pore current (black dashed line) was calculated, as well as the highest blockage current (red dotted line) and lowest blockage current (cyan dotted line) using the consensus current traces from panel B. (B) Multiple reads at each <i>trans</i> condition were used to generate a consensus current trace for the translocation of the DNA sequence in each condition. Panel B shows an 11 nucleotide section of the consensus plots for each condition. The DNA sequence plotted underneath each current level correspond to the nucleotides in the constriction of MspA during that state. The 5 current levels shaded in grey were used for the SNR and noise analysis in panel D. Errors are S.E. (C) Highest current blockage, lowest current blockage, and the range of current blockages were calculated for each <i>trans</i> condition using the consensus current traces from panel B. Errors are S.E. (D) Average noise and signal to noise ratio (SNR) were calculated for each <i>cis</i> concentration using only the level transitions in the region shaded in grey in panel B. The x-axis is logarithmic. Errors are S.E.M.</p

Effect of <i>cis</i> [Cl^-] on ion currents through MspA.

<p>(A) Current traces of phi29 DNAP controlled DNA translocation were recorded over a range of <i>cis</i> [Cl^-] and at 500 mM <i>trans</i> [K⁺]. All experiments were performed at pH 8.00 ± 0.05. Panel A shows individual reads of the same DNA sequence over a range of concentrations (20 mM to 420 mM <i>cis</i> [Cl^-] with an applied voltage of 180 mV). For each <i>cis</i> condition, the unblocked pore current (black dashed line) was calculated, as well as the highest current level (red dotted line) and lowest current level (cyan dotted line) using the consensus current traces from panel B. (B) At least 8 reads at each <i>cis</i> condition were used to generate a consensus current trace for the translocation of the DNA sequence in each condition. Panel B shows an 11 nucleotide section of the consensus plots for each condition. The 7 current levels shaded in grey were used for the SNR and noise analysis in panel D. Errors in current are S.E. The DNA sequence plotted underneath each current level correspond to the nucleotides in the constriction of MspA during that state. (C) Highest current level, lowest current level, and the range of current blockages were calculated for each <i>cis</i> condition using the consensus current traces from panel B. Errors are S.E. (D) Average noise and signal to noise ratio (SNR) were calculated for each <i>cis</i> concentration using only the level transitions in the region shaded in grey in panel B. Errors in average noise and SNR are S.E.M. (standard error of the mean).</p

Effect of <i>cis</i> and <i>trans</i> [KCl] on DNA capture rate by MspA.

<p>DNA capture rate, the number of DNA molecules threading through MspA per second, was measured using short hairpin DNA (500 nM) over a range of <i>cis</i> [KCl] at three <i>trans</i> [KCl] with an applied voltage of 180 mV. No phi29 DNAP enzyme was included in this set of experiments. Trend lines are to guide the eye. Errors are S.E.M.</p