Factors Affecting The Optimization Of Lipasecatalysed Palm-Based Esters Synthesis

The lipase synthesis of esters using palm oil fractions and long chain alcohol as substrates was carried out. Various lipases were tested for their suitability for the reaction. Among the enzymes tested, Lipozyme IM exhibited the highest percentage yield of palm oil ester (more than 75%) compared with the other lipases. Two methods, classical method (one-variable at-a-time) and response surface methodology (RSM),w ere employed for optimization of the reaction. By the classical method, five parameters such as reaction time, temperature, amount of enzyme, molar ratio of substrates and various organic solvents of the reaction system were investigated The optimum yield was achieved at the reaction temperature of 40 - 500C for palm oil (PO) and 400C for palm kernel oil (PKO) alcoholysis, a reaction time of 5 - 7 h for PO and 7 - 10 h for PKO, 0.15 g of enzyme for both PO and PKO alcoholysis, molar ratio at 3: 1 (alcohol: PO or PKO), and the best solvent for the reactions was hexane. Percentage yields of esters obtained at these optimum reaction conditions were 83, 80 and 81% for refined, bleached and deodorized (RBD) palm oil, RBD palm stearin (PS) and RBD palm olein (PL), respectively and 87, 90 and 86% for RBD palm kernel oil, RBD palm kernel stearin (PKS) and RBD palm kernel olein (PKL) , respectively. The classical method of optimization involves varying one parameter at a time and keeping the other parameters constant. However, this method is inefficient as it fails to understand relationships between the variables (reaction time, temperature, molar ratio and amount of enzyme) and the response (percentage yield). RSM is an effective statistical technique for the investigation of complex processes. RSM comprising of a five-level, four-factor central composite rotatable design (CCRD) was used to evaluate the interactive effects of synthesis reaction time (2.5 - 10 h of PO, 5 - 15 h of PKO), temperature (30 - 700C of PO, 30 - 500C of PKO), amount of enzyme (0.1 - 0.2 g of PO or PKO) and substrates molar ratio (1: 1 - 5: 1 alcohol to PO or PKO) on the percentage yield of esters and to obtain the optimum conditions for enzyme-catalyzed alcoholysis of palm-based ester. The optimum conditions derived by RSM of PO and PKO were: reaction time at 7.38 and 10 h, temperature of 53.9% and 44.20C, amount of enzyme of 0.149 and 0.157g, and substrates molar ratio 3.41: 1 and 3.78: 1 (alcohol: PO or PKO), respectively. The actual experimental yield of PO and PKO were 84.6% and 90.8% under these optimum conditions, which compared well with the maximum predicted value of 85.4% and 91.8% for PO and PKO, respectively. The composition of esters synthesized from PO at optimum reaction condition are 0.8% of oleyl laurate, 3.8% of oleyl myristate, 35.5% of oleyl palmitate, 4.5% of oleyl stearate, 33.3% oleyl oleate and 6.2% of oleyl linoleate. Meanwhile, The composition of esters synthesized from PKO are 0.7% of oleyl caproate, 5.7% of oleyl caprylate, 3.7% of oleyl caprate, 36.7% of laurate, 13.10% of oleyl myristate, 8.8% of oleyl palmitate, 2.5% oleyl stearate, 14.1% of oleyl oleate and 2.4% of oleyl linoleate. These optimum conditions were also used in alcoholysis of PS, PL, PKS and PKL, which gave the average percentage yield of more than 80%

Optimasi Sintesis Asam Lemak Etanolamida Berbasis Minyak Ketapang Menggunakan Response Surface Methodology

Telah dilakukan optimasi sintesis asam lemak etanolamida berbasis minyak ketapang (Terminalia catappa L) menggunakan Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Asam lemak etanolamida adalah surfaktan yang banyak dibutuhkan pada industri farmasi. Sintesis asam lemak etanolamida dilakukan dengan mereaksikan minyak ketapang dan etanolamina sebagai substrat menggunakan katalis Lipozyme TL.IM. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengamati interaksi antar variabel yang dapat mempengaruhi kondisi optimum dan hasil reaksi. Beberapa variabel yang dimaksud yaitu waktu reaksi, suhu reaksi, molar rasio substrat dan jumlah enzim. Metode RSM yang digunakan terdapat dalam perangkat lunak Design Expert v.7. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan model untuk mendapatkan kondisi yang optimal adalah model quadratic (p-value 0.0048/signifikan), lack of fit (p-value 0.3827 /non signifikan) dan nilai R-squared sebesar 0,7953. Kondisi optimum yang dihasilkan yaitu waktu reaksi 1,50 jam, suhu reaksi 38,10 °C, molar ratio minyak : etanolamina (1 : 20,52) gram/mol dan jumlah enzim 0.16 gram dengan prediksi dan aktual persen hasil asam lemak etanolamida secara berturut-turut sebesar 60,02 dan 64,00 %

The Use of Jayanti (Sesbania Sesban) Molluscicide in Overcoming Golden Snail, Pest Of Rice Plant in The Village of Bunut Baok, Central Lombok

As a result of the attack golden snails, rice production declined to 30 % in some places in the province of West Nusa Tenggara. Application of science and technology activities for the community ( IbM ) to address the problem of golden snail pest have been conducted in The Village of Bunut Baok, Central Lombok. IbM program conducted by subject matter covers characteristics of jayanti plant (Sesbania sesban ) and its cultivation method, characteristics of golden snail species that is pests of the rice plant, how to prepare and manufacture of jayanti molluscicide, and its application to control rice pest snails. The methods used include lecture, discussion, demonstration and practice. IbM activity followed by 12 members of Farmers Group Mohon Petunjuk Bunut Baok Village. The results of the practice is that the use of 1 ppm solution jayanti leaf can be lethal 48% to 84% of golden snail population. Other results achieved are covering the growing appreciation of farmers to plant jayanti, increasing farmers' knowledge and skills in identifying plants jayanti, skilled to make jayanti molluscicide, and its use to control rice pest golden snails

KELIMPAHAN KERANG DARAH (Genus: Anadara) di PERAIRAN PANTAI LABUHAN TERENG KABUPATEN LOMBOK BARAT

Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kelimpahan kerang darah (Genus: Anadara) di perairan pantai Labuhan Tereng Kabupaten Lombok Barat. Penelitian menggunakan metode acak sistematik dengan cara membentangkan 5 transek garis tegak lurus kearah pantai. Masing-masing transek terdiri atas 3 plot dengan ukuran 5x5 m2. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa terdapat total 11 jenis kerang dan 3 diantaranya termasuk dalam genus Anadara yaitu Anadara granosa, Anadara antiquata, dan Anadara cornea. Kelimpahan kerang darah tertinggi terdapat pada spesies A. cornea yaitu 2.08 Ind/m2 di  pesisir seberang Kampong Punyahan, dan yang terendah terdapat pada spesies A. granosa dan A. antiquata yaitu 0.04 Ind/m2 di pesisir Dusun Cemara dan dan di sekitar muara Kebon Talo. Kata Kunci: Anadara, Kelimpahan, kerang      Abstract: The aim of this research is to analyze the abundance of blood cockle (Genus: Anadara) in Labuhan Tereng Coastal Waters West Lombok. Research methodology was randomized systematic with unfluring 5 transects toward the beach. Each transect consisted of three plots with 5x5 m2. The research showed that there are 11 species in which tree species was representing genus anadara: Anadara granosa, Anadara cornea, and Anadara antiquata. The highest abundance of blood cockle is 2.08 Ind/m2 on the species A. cornea which located across from Punyahan village and the lower abundance of blood cockle is 0.04 Ind/m2 on the species A. granosa and A. antiquata around Dusun Cemara and Kebon Talo estuary. Keywords: Anadara, Abundance, cockle

PENERAPAN PEMBELAJARAN INVESTIGASI KELOMPOK UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KETERAMPILAN PROSES SAINS DITINJAU DARI INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT SISWA

This research aims to know the effect of group investigation learning on student’s science process skill based on their IQ in SMAN 1 Mataram for eleventh grade students. This is a quasi experimental study using pretest postest control group design design. Pretest was taken to get data of student’s IQ. Posttest was also conducted to measure student’s science process skill. Sample was taken using nonprobability sampling from the population of eleventh grade student in SMAN 1 Mataram.The sample was two group of student each from two class, class XI sains 6 and as experimental group and class XI sains 5 as control group. The average os Student’s IQ on experimental group and control group were equal, both at 112. Learning processes were 12 x 45 minutes long in total. The experimental group showed better average score on posttest where they scored 82.40 on average, while control group only scored 74.83 on average. This value is statistically significant, at p = 0.007, less that 0.005. This result shows that implementation of group investigation can increase student’s science process skill.Keywords: Group investigation, science process skill, intelligence Quotient (IQ)ABSTRAC

SINTESIS LAPISAN TIPIS (THIN FILM) SnO2 DAN SnO2:Al MENGGUNAKAN TEKNIK SOL-GEL SPIN COATING PADA SUBSTRAT KACA DAN QUARTZ

This study has successfully synthesized SnO2 and SnO2 thin films by doping aluminum (Al) using the technique of sol-gel spin coating on glass and quartz substrates. The basic materials are Tin (II) chloride dihydrate (SnCl2.2H2O) and ethanol (C2H5OH) as solvent.  Material for doping is AlCl3 as much as 0.027 g, 0.053 g and 0.08 g to get Al dopant concentration of 5%, 10% and 15% respectively. The substrate used in this study are glass and quartz with the dimension of 10 mm x 10 mm x 3 mm. Detergent water, distilled water and 70% alcohol were used for the preparation of the substrates. Pure SnO2 sol solution was obtained by dissolving SnCl2.2H2O in ethanol, and SnO2:Al was obtained by adding AlCl3 to the solution of SnO2. The stirring process was done by using a hot plate magnetic stirrer to obtained a homogeneous solution (transparent). Sol solution of pure SnO2 and SnO2:Al were allowed for 24 hours as maturation (aging) process. Solution deposition on a substrate was done with a rotary speed of 2000 rpm for 3 minutes. Heating process was done at the annealing temperature of 200°C to 400°C by using a furnace for 1 hour to grow the crystalline of thin films. This thin films are very appropriate when applied to transparent conductive oxide (TCO) materials with high transparency and conductive character of tin (Sn) and aluminum (Al)Keyword: SnO2‚ aluminum‚ sol-gel, spin coating, substrat

POTENSI ANTIOKSIDAN HASIL FRAKSINASI EKSTRAK ETANOL Phaseolus vulgaris L

A research on the antioxidant potential of ethanol extract Phaseolus vulgaris L. fractination. The aims study to know fraction had been antioxidant potential and dominant compound at extract fraction. Antioxidant potential fraction is polar fraction and its IC50 is 158 ppm. A dominant compound at nonpolar, semipolar dan polar fraction is phenolic compound. Polar fraction had a greatest percentage phenolic compound (42%)

ANALYSIS OF TRITERPENOID COMPOUNDS AT THE LEVEL OF SOLUTION POLLARITY FROM WATER EXTRACT OF BEAN FRUIT (Phaseulus Vulgaris L)

This study aims to analyze the triterpenoid group compounds from solvent partition result extract green bean fruit extract (Phaseulus vulgaris Linn) through increasing solvent polarity level. Extracts of beans was extracted by maceration using a water solvent (1: 18 w / v). The result of preliminary test resulted that the viscous water extract of green beans positively contained triterpenoid, and the result of GC-MS analysis showed that triterpenoid compound was present in the fraction of methanol extract that is tetracyclic triterpenoid type, lanostane: 9,19-cyclolanost-24-en-3-ol ( cycloartenol) which has the molecular formula C30H50O (m / z = 426)

Karakterisasi Sifat Fisiko Kimia Minyak Nyamplung Sebagai Bahan Baku Sabun Padat Transparan

Penelitian ini merupakan kajian awal pemanfaatan minyak nyamplung sebagai bahan dasar pembuatan sabun padat transparan. Minyak nyamplung mengandung berbagai senyawa yang baik untuk kesehatan antara lain; asam palmitat, asam oleat, asam linoleat dan asam stearat. Minyak biji nyamplung memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap Staphylococus aureus àsehingga sangat bermanfaat untuk kesehatan kulit. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui sifat fisiko kimia minyak nyamplung untuk persiapan sebagai bahan baku sabun padat transparan. Penelitian ini dilakukan dalam beberapa tahap yaitu isolasi minyak, uji sifat fisik dan kimia minyak, analisis kandungan senyawa minyak menggunaan GCMS serta formulasi sabun padat transparan dari minyak nyamplung. Dari penelitian diperoleh hasil rendemen minyak nyamplung sebesar 73,89% dengan bilangan asam 64,141 mg KOH/g minyak dan bilangan iod 160,31 iod/100 g minyak. Sedangkan densitas dan viskositas minyak nyamplung berturut-turut adalah 0,822 gr/mL dan 0,35 cSt. Berdasarkan analisis GCMS minyak nyamplung mengandung berbagai senyawa yang baik untuk kesehatan antara lain; asam palmitat, asam oleat, asam linoleat dan asam stearat sehingga sangat berpotensi untuk menjadi bahan baku sabun