61 research outputs found
Inhibition of the Eukaryotic 80S Ribosome as a Potential Anticancer Therapy: A Structural Perspective.
Protein biosynthesis is a vital process for all kingdoms of life. The ribosome is the massive ribonucleoprotein machinery that reads the genetic code, in the form of messenger RNA (mRNA), to produce proteins. The mechanism of translation is tightly regulated to ensure that cell growth is well sustained. Because of the central role fulfilled by the ribosome, it is not surprising that halting its function can be detrimental and incompatible with life. In bacteria, the ribosome is a major target of inhibitors, as demonstrated by the high number of small molecules identified to bind to it. In eukaryotes, the design of ribosome inhibitors may be used as a therapy to treat cancer cells, which exhibit higher proliferation rates compared to healthy ones. Exciting experimental achievements gathered during the last few years confirmed that the ribosome indeed represents a relevant platform for the development of anticancer drugs. We provide herein an overview of the latest structural data that helped to unveil the molecular bases of inhibition of the eukaryotic ribosome triggered by small molecules
TEACHING THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE AT THE LEVEL OF PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION AS A LINGUO-DIDACTIC PROBLEM
Abstract. The paper focuses on one of the most up-to-date issues in the sphere of the theory and methodology of teaching the Russian language β the theoretical grounding and practical elaboration of nationally oriented methods of teaching Russian as a foreign language. In our research work, we used such methods and techniques as analysis, observation, description, comparison, collation, and generalization. The results go as follows: despite the attempts made by linguodidacts in the last two decades, many problems remain unsolved. In particular, the methods of teaching the Russian language to foreign students studying music are least developed. It is found out that currently the specificity of preparing foreign students at the stages of preparatory and postgraduate professional education is not taken into accountproperly. It is proved that it is more efficient to pay more attention to communicative exercises that allow students toΒ use professional lexis and terminology, compile two-language glossaries that are aimed to help students study terminology faster and in a more easy way. We believe that this study contributes to the field of linguodidactics and might be interesting to all those who teach Russian to Chinese students.Keywords: linguodidactics, Russian language, Chinese students, professional education, methodology ofteaching
Analysis of the application of a chemical method for preventing hydrate formation on the example of the Novo-Chaselskoye field
In the presented work, the possibility of preventing the formation of gas hydrates at the Novo-Chaselskoye field by means of metered methanol injection is considered. The current state of field development and information on reserves are presented. A method for calculating the amount of an inhibitor (methanol) required to prevent hydrate formation for Cenomanian gas is presented. As a result of the study, the amount of methanol consumption for hydrate-free well operation was calculated, the conditions and places of possible hydrate occurrence were analyzed, and the required amount of hydrate formation inhibitor was calculated to be supplied to the wellhead to prevent hydrate precipitation
ΠΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡΡ
ΠΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π² Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅ ΠΈ Π·Π° ΡΡΠ±Π΅ΠΆΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ΠΉ. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ΄Ρ Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΅ΠΌΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
(Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎ Π±ΡΠΎΠ½Ρ
ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π³ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ) Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ
ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΊ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π²Π΅Π±-ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΊΡΡΠ³Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π±Π΅Π· Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΊ ΠΈΡ
Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ½ΡΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΌ. Π ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°Ρ
ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²Π΅Π±-Π°ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡ. ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ»Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΎΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΡ Π²Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π½Π°Π±ΠΎΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
. ΠΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ»ΡΠΌ Π² ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΡ Cron. Π ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π΄Π²Π° Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π° ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
β Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ (ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ) ΠΈ Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ (Π΄Π»Ρ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Ρ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ), ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ XSLT-ΡΠ°Π±Π»ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Ρ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π·Π΅ΡΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ° Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Ρ
ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° Ρ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π°Π½ΡΠ° ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΡ Π±Π»ΠΈΠΆΠ°ΠΉΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ»Π΅ Π³Π°Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Π½Π°Π΄ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ Π±ΡΠΎΠ½Ρ
ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π³ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π΄Π»Ρ Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. Π ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ Π²Π΅Π±-ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π±ΡΠ» ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ Π½Π° 40% ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ
ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π° Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Π³Π° ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠΉ, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π½Π°ΡΡΠ΄Ρ Ρ ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠΈ (ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅) Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡ. ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ (ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅Ρ) Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΡ
Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°. ΠΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π±Π°Π·ΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ, Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ IAGAΒ (International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy β ΠΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ°Π³Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΈ Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΈ), ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΌ ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠΈ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ΄Π°Ρ
ΡΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ, ΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎ, ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎ Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ, Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π³Π° Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΊ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΄Π°. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π° Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΡ ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΡ
Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΒ Π²Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²ΡΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠ° Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ² Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
E-site drug specificity of the human pathogen Candida albicans ribosome
International audienceCandida albicans is a widespread commensal fungus with substantial pathogenic potential and steadily increasing resistance to current antifungal drugs. It is known to be resistant to cycloheximide (CHX) that binds to the Eβtransfer RNA binding site of the ribosome. Because of lack of structural information, it is neither possible to understand the nature of the resistance nor to develop novel inhibitors. To overcome this issue, we determined the structure of the vacant C. albicans 80 S ribosome at 2.3 angstroms and its complexes with bound inhibitors at resolutions better than 2.9 angstroms using cryoβelectron microscopy. Our structures reveal how a change in a conserved amino acid in ribosomal protein eL42 explains CHX resistance in C. albicans and forms a basis for further antifungal drug development
Mechanism of ribosome shutdown by RsfS in Staphylococcus aureus revealed by integrative structural biology approach.
Funder: The Russian Government Program of Competitive Growth of Kazan Federal UniversityFor the sake of energy preservation, bacteria, upon transition to stationary phase, tone down their protein synthesis. This process is favored by the reversible binding of small stress-induced proteins to the ribosome to prevent unnecessary translation. One example is the conserved bacterial ribosome silencing factor (RsfS) that binds to uL14 protein onto the large ribosomal subunit and prevents its association with the small subunit. Here we describe the binding mode of Staphylococcus aureus RsfS to the large ribosomal subunit and present a 3.2βΓ
resolution cryo-EM reconstruction of the 50S-RsfS complex together with the crystal structure of uL14-RsfS complex solved at 2.3βΓ
resolution. The understanding of the detailed landscape of RsfS-uL14 interactions within the ribosome shed light on the mechanism of ribosome shutdown in the human pathogen S. aureus and might deliver a novel target for pharmacological drug development and treatment of bacterial infections
Aminoglycoside interactions and impacts on the eukaryotic ribosome
Aminoglycosides are chemically diverse, broad-spectrum antibiotics that target functional centers within the bacterial ribosome to impact all four principle stages (initiation, elongation, termination, and recycling) of the translation mechanism. The propensity of aminoglycosides to induce miscoding errors that suppress the termination of protein synthesis supports their potential as therapeutic interventions in human diseases associated with premature termination codons (PTCs). However, the sites of interaction of aminoglycosides with the eukaryotic ribosome and their modes of action in eukaryotic translation remain largely unexplored. Here, we use the combination of X-ray crystallography and single-molecule FRET analysis to reveal the interactions of distinct classes of aminoglycosides with the 80S eukaryotic ribosome. Crystal structures of the 80S ribosome in complex with paromomycin, geneticin (G418), gentamicin, and TC007, solved at 3.3- to 3.7-A resolution, reveal multiple aminoglycoside-binding sites within the large and small subunits, wherein the 6'-hydroxyl substituent in ring I serves as a key determinant of binding to the canonical eukaryotic ribosomal decoding center. Multivalent binding interactions with the human ribosome are also evidenced through their capacity to affect large-scale conformational dynamics within the pretranslocation complex that contribute to multiple aspects of the translation mechanism. The distinct impacts of the aminoglycosides examined suggest that their chemical composition and distinct modes of interaction with the ribosome influence PTC read-through efficiency. These findings provide structural and functional insights into aminoglycoside-induced impacts on the eukaryotic ribosome and implicate pleiotropic mechanisms of action beyond decoding
Eukaryotic Ribosome as a Target for Cardiovascular Disease
International audienceCardiovascular diseases have been associated with genetic variants and increased plasma level of the secreted protein PCSK9. In this issue of Cell Chemical Biology, Petersen et al. (2016) describe an inhibitor of PCSK9 secretion in human cells that, surprisingly, targets the 80S ribosome
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