Rain-tightness of door sill sealing

The harsh Norwegian climate requires buildings designed according to high standards. The airtightness of the building envelope is crucial to attain an energy efficient building and to avoid moisture problems. A considerable part of building defects registered in the SINTEF Building defects archive are related to leakages through door sills especially in combination with balconies. The aim of the study has been to examine the rain tightness of the joint below door sills. A laboratory investigation using a driving rain cabined according to EN 1027 has been conducted to provide answers to the matter. In total 14 different test were conducted. Two different sills were included, both a traditional high sill and a lower handicap-sill. Two different underlays for the sill were included in the investigation. In addition, 3 different heights of the joint-sealing below the sill were chosen (0, 5 and 10 mm). All the tests except two were performed with silicon as joint sealant material. It was found that the workmanship of the joint-sealing was challenging due to the geometry of the detail. Even if the silicon sealant was carefully applied, voids between the sealant and door sill were found when inspecting closely. When improving the faults, the test showed that the joints was tight. 11 of the 14 tests showed no water leakages at 600 Pa pressure difference. However, leakages were observed at lower pressure differences for the sills with no silicon sealing and for the configurations where there were faults in the silicon sealing. The laboratory study revealed that the joint below the door sill is vulnerable to small mistakes in the workmanship. Given a carefully application and control of the silicon sealing it is possible to achieve a high water tightness performance. However, improvements to the sealing detail is needed to further increase the robustness of the detail

DARI JALAN PAJAJARAN HINGGA ISTANA MERDEKA: PERJUANGAN GERAKAN SERIKAT PEKERJA PT DIRGANTARA INDONESIA TAHUN 2003-2007

Skripsi ini berjudul “Dari Jalan Pajajaran Hingga Istana Merdeka: Perjuangan Gerakan Serikat Pekerja PT Dirgantara Indonesia Tahun 2003-2007”. Adapun masalah utama yang dibahas dalam skripsi ini adalah “Bagaimana Jejak Langkah gerakan Serikat Pekerja PT Dirgantara Indonesia pada tahun 2003-2007”? Masalah utama tersebut kemudian dibagi menjadi empat pertanyaan penelitian, yaitu:(1)Bagaimana latar belakang munculnya Gerakan Serikat Pekerja PT Dirgantara Indonesia pada tahun 2003-2007 ?(2)Bagaimana upaya dan dinamika Gerakan Serikat Pekerja PT Dirgantara Indonesia dalam memperjuangkan hak-hak para pekerja tahun 2003-2007? (3) Bagaimana pengaruh Gerakan Serikat Pekerja PT Dirgantara Indonesia terhadap kondisi dan status para pekerja pada tahun 2007 ? (4) Apa saja Faktor-faktor pendorong dan penghambat Gerakan Serikat Pekerja PT Dirgantara Indonesia pada tahun 2003-2007. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode historis, dengan langkah-langkah sebagai berikut: (1) Memilih topik; (2) Mengusut bukti-bukti; (3) Membuat catatan penting; (4) Mengevaluasi secara kritis, baik kritik internal maupun kritik eksternal; (5) Menyusun hasil-hasil penelitian; (6) Menyajikan dalam suatu cara yang dapat menarik perhatian dan mengkomunikasikannya kepada para pembaca sehingga dapat dimengerti sejelas mungkin. Adapun teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah studi literatur dan wawancara. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diperoleh beberapa simpulan. Pertama, berdasarkan penelitian diketahui bahwa, gerakan serikat pekerja PT DI merupakan gerakan yang timbul sebagai dampak atas kebijakan pemutusan hubungan kerja seluruh pekerja yang dilakukan oleh perusahaan. Kedua gerakan serikat pekerja PT DI dalam perjuangannya telah melakukan berbagai upaya baik secara formal maupun non formal yang dilakukan baik itu di lingkungan perusahaan maupun di luar perusahaan, upaya formal sendiri dilakukan dengan upaya mediasi,serta upaya hukum dalam bentuk gugatan ke beberapa tingkat peradilan. Upaya non formal dilakukan dengan bentuk aksi unjuk rasa sampai sweeping dan pemblokiran jalan masuk ke perusahaan. Ketiga, status dan kondisi dari para pekerja PT DI telah menemui kejelasan setelah adanya upaya yang dilakukan oleh serikat pekerja PT DI. Status yang telah berkekuatan hukum tetap, berupa bukan lagi pekerja PT DI serta pemenuhan hak para pekerja yang belum terpenuhi akan segera dibayarkan setelah proses pemailitan perusahaan. Keempat, adanya beberapa faktor yang mempengaruhi gerakan pekerja itu sendiri berupa faktor pendorong dan faktor penghambat, faktor pendorong sendiri yakni berupa adanya tujuan bersama, adanya keputusan sepihak yakni berupa kebijakan PHK yang dilakukan oleh perusahaan tanpa melibatkan perwakilan pekerja berupa serikat pekerja itu sendiri, dan faktor ekonomi. Sementara faktor penghambat berupa adanya perbedaan pendapat baik di lingkungan antar serikat pekerja yang ada di perusahaan maupun di intern serikat pekerja itu sendiri. Hasil dari penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan rekomendasi terhadap pembelajaran sejarah di sekolah dan bisa dijadikan sebagai kerangka berpikir untuk penelitian selanjutnya.----------This thesis titled “Dari Jalan Pajajaran Hingga Istana Merdeka: Perjuangan Gerakan Serikat Pekerja PT Dirgantara Indonesia Tahun 2003-2007”. The main issues discussed in this thesis is “Bagaimana Jejak Langkah gerakan Serikat Pekerja PT Dirgantara Indonesia pada tahun 2003-2007”? The main problem is then divided into four research questions, namely (1) What is the background of the United Workers Movement PT Dirgantara Indonesia in 2003-2007? (2) How is the effort and the dynamics of the United Workers Movement PT Dirgantara Indonesia in fighting for the rights of workers in 2003-2007? (3) How does the United Workers Movement PT Dirgantara Indonesia on the condition and status of workers in 2007? (4) What factors driving and inhibiting Union Movement PT Dirgantara Indonesia in 2003-2007. The method used in this study is the historical method, with the following steps: (1) Selecting a topic; (2) Investigate the evidence; (3) Make important notes; (4) Evaluate critically, both internal and external criticism of criticism; (5) Develop research results; (6) Present in a way that can attract attention and communicate it to the readers so that they can be understood as clearly as possible. The data collection techniques used in this research is the study of literature and interviews. Based on the results obtained some conclusions. First, based on the research note that, the trade union movement PT DI is a movement arising from the impact of policy termination of employment of all workers conducted by the company. Both the trade union movement in its struggle PT DI has made various efforts, both formal and non-formal conducted either within the company or outside the company, its own formal effort done with mediation efforts, as well as the remedies in the form of a claim to some degree of justice. Non-formal effort done with the form of rallies until sweeping and blocking the entrance to the company. Third, the status and conditions of the workers of PT DI has met clarity after the efforts made by the union PT DI. Status which has legally binding, such is no longer the workers of PT DI as well as the fulfillment of the rights of workers who have not been met will be paid immediately after the bankruptcy of the company. Fourth, there are several factors that influence the labor movement itself be a motivating factor and factor inhibitors, factor driving itself that form the common goal, any unilateral decision in the form of redundancy policy undertaken by companies without involving the workers' representatives in the form of the union itself, and factor economy. While inhibiting factors such as differences of opinion both within the inter-union workers in the company or in internal union itself. Results from this study are expected to provide recommendations on the teaching of history in schools and can be used as a framework for further research

Montana Kaimin, September 17, 2003

Student newspaper of the University of Montana, Missoula.https://scholarworks.umt.edu/studentnewspaper/5781/thumbnail.jp

Wind-driven rain tightness of building-integrated photovoltaics panels

The exposure to wind-driven rain (WDR) is a key factor impacting the performance and the durability of the building envelope. Building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) panels are increasingly used as roofing and façade materials, but little information is available on their weather protection performance. Although WDR exposure has been qualitatively investigated in laboratories, only few studies have directly quantified the water intrusion through BIPV. This article presents the results from a WDR laboratory test of a BIPV product, where water intrusion was both qualitatively and quantitatively investigated. Furthermore, as roof integration is the primary function of the studied BIPV panels, the results from the same test performed on another traditional roofing material, i.e., concrete tiles, are described and discussed. The test results showed that the BIPV panels performed better as façade cladding than as roofing material, since no quantifiable water leakages were detected at 90° inclination. At 15° and 30° inclinations, the total water leakages through the BIPV system were around 90% lower than those of the concrete tile roofing. This article's findings demonstrate that the quantification of water intrusion through BIPV panels is feasible and can provide significant information for further developing and improving the design of BIPV systems as climate screens.publishedVersio

Schools on hold – how simple measures can help improving the indoor environment in schools

This work presents the lessons-learned from a Norwegian project called "Skoler på vent" – "Schools on hold" – which is aiming at finding simple and effective measures for improving the indoor climate in schools that have been put on hold. Schools on hold often suffer from dissatisfying indoor thermal comfort which also extents to affecting people`s health, wellbeing and learning. Measurement data (temperature, CO2-level and relative humidity) have been collected from several rooms in three schools in the municipality of Trondheim, Norway, during two measurement campaigns. Furthermore, interviews with school employees as well as surveys among the students have been carried out during the same periods to gain insights in the perceived indoor environment. Results show that simple measures such as i) removing the lowering of heating set points during the night, ii) checking the radiator valve position at the end of a school day, iii) introducing routines for natural ventilation during breaks and iv) improving the room cleaning routines can improve the perceived indoor environment notably. Furthermore, the applied methodology is discussed and improvements suggested.publishedVersio

Montana Kaimin, March 5, 1993

Student newspaper of the University of Montana, Missoula.https://scholarworks.umt.edu/studentnewspaper/9619/thumbnail.jp

Moisture robustness of eaves solutions for ventilated roofs – experimental studies

Ventilated pitched wooden roofs with eaves (roof overhangs) is a common building practice in the Scandinavian countries. The eaves are protecting the façade from rain, wind driven rain (WDR) and snow, and it covers the roof ventilation aperture. The eaves should be designed so that the least possible amounts of rainwater and snow enters the ventilation aperture between the roof cladding- and underlayer roofing. At the same time, adequate ventilation of the roof must be ensured to promote proper drying-out capabilities of the roof and to avoid problems of snow melt and ice formation at eaves and gutters during winter season. Small or almost nonexisting eaves is a trend in modern architecture. It is a common perception that such solutions are more vulnerable to moisture damages due to possible increase of water penetration into the roof aperture. The aim of the study is to experimentally investigate the moisture robustness of the described risk area and to find answers to how the design of eaves influence the amount of rain that is driven on to the underlayer roofing under the aperture in ventilated roofs. It was found that the amount of collected water in the different test series to a large extent are given by the water droplet size as well as the wind velocity inside the air cavity. The results from this study simulates an example of a rain event with heavy rain intensity and strong winds (storm). The test represents an example of a storm event with a given droplet size distribution. The results indicate that an increased pressure drop decreases the water ingress. Comparative tests showed that installation of a wire mesh largely decreases the measured water collection and the dynamic pressures inside the air cavity

Vapour resistance of wind barrier tape: Laboratory measurements and hygrothermal performance implications

In the building industry, the interest into adhesive tape to achieve a more tight and robust building envelope has increased rapidly in recent years. With an increasing demand for energy efficiency in buildings, national building authorities are strengthening building requirements to mitigate and adapt to future climate impacts. This paper studies the water vapour permeability of adhesive tape for building purposes. A water vapour permeable wind barrier is essential to enable drying of the external side of the building envelope. Laboratory measurements have been conducted to evaluate how the drying conditions of the wind barrier layer are affected by the use of wind barrier tape. The results show that all the wind barrier tapes tested can be defined as significantly more vapour tight than the wind barrier itself. The wind barrier used as reference was found to have an sd-value of 0.03 m while tape ranged between 1.1 and 9.24 m. To ensure adequate drying and minimize the risk of moisture damages, the wind barrier layer should be vapour open. In an investigated construction project, the amount of tape constitutes 13% of the area of the building’s wind barrier. Further simulations need to be conducted to accurately determine the drying conditions and the following consequences.publishedVersio

Thermo-fluid dynamic performance of a ventilated pitched roof: Numerical modelling and experimental validation

Wooden ventilated pitched roofs represent a widely spread construction solution in Nordic countries. They have several benefits, including the drainage of excessive moisture from the construction and the reduction of the surface temperature to prevent snow melting and thus icing at the eaves and gutters. Modelling ventilated components is complex and requires a thorough understanding of the phenomena occurring in the air cavity, where convection plays a central role in the heat transfer process. The approach and the assumptions adopted for the roof model are therefore crucial to investigate the thermo-fluid dynamics in the air cavity. A literature review showed the need for comprehensive numerical and experimental research focusing on ventilated roof constructions, especially for Nordic climates. This article presents the thermo-fluid dynamic modelling of a ventilated pitched roof, which belongs to a full-scale experimental building located in Trondheim (Norway), the ZEB Test Cell Laboratory. A model of the roof was created using the finite element method-based software COMSOL Multiphysics. Transient simulations were performed in different climate conditions and the results of temperature and air flow speed along the cross section of the roof were compared with measurement data for validation. The simulation results show a good agreement with measurement data for both air speed and temperature in the air cavity, particularly in the summer day. The deviations in the numerical results will be object of study in future research, where the modelling approach will be further explored by testing different inputs, including boundary conditions and turbulence models.publishedVersio