Investigation for Bioactive Compounds of \u3cem\u3eBerberis Lyceum\u3c/em\u3e Royle and \u3cem\u3eJusticia Adhatoda\u3c/em\u3e L.

In order to explore the medicinal values of plant species like Berberis lyceum and Justicia adhatoda, a study was conducted to analyze roots, leaves and fruits of both plant species for identification of various organic compounds. Chemical analysis as well as identification of organic compounds by chromatographic techniques were carried out. Results indicates that both plant species contained Proteins, Sugars, Lipids, Vitamin C, Sodium, Calcium, Sulphur, Iron, and Zinc. Whereas the alkaloids like Palmatine, Berberine, Vasicine and Vasicinone were also found in leaves and roots of these plant species. However, it was observed that roots of both plant species contained higher concentrations of these chemical compounds as compared to fruits and leaves except sugar and vitamin C those were high in fruits. Furthermore presence of such bioactive compounds in Berberis lyceum and Justicia adhatoda indicated their importance in the form of local medicines. This experiment will help to increase the importance of new raw material found in these plant species and their demand in the market will be increased in the future. The extract of roots and fruits of these plant species are being used against various infections and diseases in rural population of subcontinent since many centuries

Extraction and Purification of Various Organic Compounds in Selected Medicinal Plants of Kotli Sattian, District Rawalpindi, Pakistan

The medicinal values of roots, leaves and fruits of Funnel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill), Berbery (Berberis lyceum Royle), Vasaka and (Justicia adhatoda L) were explored in this study. The root, leaf and fruit samples of these plant species were collected from hilly areas of Kotli Sattian. Chemical analyses as well as identification of organic compounds by chromatographic techniques were carried out. The results indicate that all three plant species contained Proteins, Sugars, Lipids, Fiber and Vitamin C. Flavonoids and Saponins (Phytohormones) were found only in the fruit and leaf samples of Foeniculum vulgare. Palmatine and Berberine (Alkaloids) were present in the leaves, and fruits of Berberis lyceum. Whereas Vasicine and Vasicinone (Alkaloids) accumulated in the roots and leave of Justicia adhatoda. It was observed that roots of Berberis lyceum and Justicia adhatoda contained higher concentrations of all chemical compounds analyzed as compared to fruits and leave except Sugar and Vitamin C which were high in the fruit of Berberis lyceum. By contrast in case of Foeniculum vulgare leaves and fruits of which contained higher concentration of protein, fats, flavonoids and saponin. The extract of roots, leaves and fruits of these plant species are being used against various infections and diseases in rural population of subcontinent since many centuries. This experiment will help to highlight the importance of these valuable organic compounds found in these plant species and their demand in the market will be increased in the future

Determination of Essential Oil Content of Wild Olive and Its Comparison With Olive Oil

Olive oil is a natural fruit, product of fine aroma, pleasant taste and has high nutritional values. Olive oil is considered as most useful edible oil in the world due to its nutrient contents and well tolerated by the stomach. Olive oil provides beneficial effects against ulcer, gastritis and colon cancer. It is composed of triglycerides, free fatty acids hydrocarbons, antioxidants and flavor compounds. In the present study we report new edible oil extracted from fruit of wild olive (Olea cuspedata). Samples of olive fruits were collected from hilly areas of Kotli Sattian, (District Rawalpindi) and were analyzed to evaluate quantity and quality of this newly extracted olive oil. Results indicates that concentration level of oil in the fruits of wild olive (34.11-36.69%) , oleic acid (61.86-66.37%), linoleic acid (20.19-21.6%), linoenic acid (1.36-1.59%), polyphenol (344.07-352.86 mg/kg ), peroxides( 7.66-8.32 meqO2/kg) and acidity (0.47-0.98 meqO2/kg ) was found. The level of these components was comparable with the level obtained from the fruits of cultivated olive and standard values reported for olive oil in the literature. Therefore it was observed that quality of new olive oil obtained from fruits of wild olive was comparable with olive oil (available in market ) consumed by human population throughout the world. It is expected that this new oil will be economically cheaper as compared to edible oils available in the market. This study will not only help to improve the nutritional values of existing oils but also provide oil with lower cost

Comparison in Various Bioactive Compounds of Leaves and Seeds of \u3cem\u3eFoeniculum Vulgare\u3c/em\u3e Mill.

Medicinal plants a gift of nature are being used against various infections and diseases in the subcontinent since past history. Herbs were use as food ( vegetables ) and flavors for hundred of years in many parts of world. Whereas number of herbs have also been traditionally regarded as natural remedies for common ailments of human population. Furthermore some herbal plants are considered as house of medicines and played an important role in nearly every culture on earth, including Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas. A study was conducted to analyze the leaves and seeds of Foeniculum vulgare for different bioactive compounds to include saponins, total proteins, amino acids, fat and flavonoids with one and two dimensional thin layer and column chromatography followed by spectrophotometric analysis. Results indicates that leaves contained higher concentration of flavonoids and fat. Whereas level of saponins, proteins, amino acids, total minerals and other organic compounds was high in seeds. The analysis of leaves and seeds of Foeniculum vulgare for these valuable organic compounds will provide important raw materials that can be used for preparation of medicines in Pharmaceuticals companies. Furthermore interest of people in plant made medicines is increasing due to their concern about the side effects of powerful synthetic drugs and high prices of these medicines. It is expected that raw material obtained from plants will not only reduce the prices of medicines in the pharmaceutical market but also provide rapid and reliable system of treatment of various infection and disease of human population

Impact analysis of the in-service teacher training programmes of the Testing and Evaluation sub-committee of the ELTR Project in Pakistan

AbstractThe study seeks to explore the perception of the concerned EL teachers (trainees) on the in-service training programmes conducted by the Testing and Evaluation sub-committee of the English Language Teaching Reforms (ELTR) Project of the Higher Education Commission (HEC) of Pakistan. The researchers administered a questionnaire to gauge the overall effectiveness of programmes of the target sub-committee. The study brought to light a few gaps between the training objectives and their realization in real classroom settings mainly owing to the problem (of the lack of resources) faced by the trainees at their workplaces. The researchers felt the need for making merit or need-based selections/nominations of the trainees, devising a fool-proof mechanism for the follow-up of the trainees and for providing facilities to the trainees for implementation of the training input. © 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd

Efficient Cellulase Production from Corn Straw by \u3cem\u3eTrichoderma Reesei\u3c/em\u3e LW1 Through Solid State Fermentation Process

Cellulase is important enzyme required for catabolism of cellulose into smaller sugars in the animal metabolism. Cellulose is plant polysaccharides and contained higher range of sugar molecules those with help of suitable enzyme and microorganism can be used for conversion of sugar into biofuels to meet the requirements of energy. In the present study Cellulase was produce from corn straw by solid state fermentation with the help of Trichoderma Reesei. The corn straw was supplemented with wheat bran for supply of essential elements ( N and C). The optimal experimental conditions like temperature, pH, time total water contents of substrate were selected for this study. It was observed that cellulase shows its maximum activity at when corn straw and wheat bran ration is 1:1 (water contents ratios 1:2 ). The optimal temperature 28 degrees C., pH 5.5 and time duration for maximum activity was 72 hours. Furthermore the fermented activity of FPase 119.41 U followed by CMCase 452.5 U was observed in the present study

Investigation for Bioactive Compounds of Berberis Lyceum Royle and Justicia Adhatoda L.

In order to explore the medicinal values of plant species like Berberis lyceum and Justicia adhatoda, a study was conducted to analyze roots, leaves and fruits of both plant species for identification of various organic compounds. Chemical analysis as well as identification of organic compounds by chromatographic techniques were carried out. Results indicates that both plant species contained Proteins, Sugars, Lipids, Vitamin C, Sodium, Calcium, Sulphur, Iron, and Zinc.Whereas the alkaloids like Palmatine, Berberine, Vasicine and Vasicinone were also found in leaves and roots of these plant species. However, it was observed that roots of both plant species contained higher concentrations of these chemical compounds as compared to fruits and leaves except sugar and vitamin C those were high in fruits. Furthermore presence of such bioactive compounds in Berberis lyceum and Justicia adhatoda indicated their importance in the form of local medicines. This experiment will help to increase the importance of new raw material found in these plant species and their demand in the market will be increased in the future. The extract of roots and fruits of these plant species are being used against various infections and diseases in rural population of subcontinent since many centuries

Evaluation of the effectiveness of English language teaching in English language institutes in Mardan

AbstractThe scope of English language is widening day by day. There are various English language institutes working in Mardan city. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the course content, class activities and adopted teaching methods in these language institutes. For this purpose, we distributed questionnaires among 76 students of different language institutes seeking their perception regarding the courses. We came to know that the courses were least effective due to the teachers’ ineptness, their focusing more on the content than on the students’ needs, and because of the unavailability of the proper resources for effective language practices at the institutes. However, some of the students at these institutes were found quite satisfied with their improvement in accent and pronunciation. As a whole, the language institutes in Mardan need to do a thorough overhauling of their practices to help students’ achieve their language goals satisfactorily

Comparison in Various Bioactive Compounds of Leaves and Seeds of Foeniculum Vulgare Mill.

Medicinal plants a gift of nature are being used against various infections and diseases in the subcontinent since past history. Herbs were use as food ( vegetables ) and flavors for hundred of years in many parts of world. Whereas number of herbs have also been traditionally regarded as natural remedies for common ailments of human population. Furthermore some herbal plants are considered as house of medicines and played an important role in nearly every culture on earth, including Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas. A study was conducted to analyze the Leaves and seeds of Foeniculum vulgare for different bioactive compounds those includes saponins , total proteins, amino acids, fat and flavonoids with one and two dimensional thin layer and column chromatography followed by spectrophotometric analysis. Results indicates that leaves contained higher concentration of flavonoids and fat. Where as level of Saponins, proteins, amino acids, total minerals and other organic compounds was high in seeds. The analysis of leave and seeds of Foeniculum vulgare for these valuable organic compounds will provide important raw materials that can be used for preparation of medicines in Pharmaceuticals companies. Furthermore interest of people in plant made medicines are increasing due to their concern about the side effects of powerful synthetic drugs and high prices of these medicines. It is expected that raw material obtained from plants will not only reduce the prices of medicines in the pharmaceutical market but also provide rapid and reliable system of treatment of various infection and disease of human populatio