A simple approach for the fabrication of 3D microelectrodes for impedimetric sensing

In this paper, we present a very simple method to fabricate three-dimensional (3D) microelectrodes integrated with microfluidic devices. We form the electrodes by etching a microwire placed across a microchannel. For precise control of the electrode spacing, we employ a hydrodynamic focusing microfluidic device and control the width of the etching solution stream. The focused widths of the etchant solution and the etching time determine the gap formed between the electrodes. Using the same microfluidic device, we can fabricate integrated 3D electrodes with different electrode gaps. We have demonstrated the functionality of these electrodes using an impedimetric particle counting setup. Using 3D microelectrodes with a diameter of 25 μm, we have detected 6 μm-diameter polystyrene beads in a buffer solution as well as erythrocytes in a PBS solution. We study the effect of electrode spacing on the signal-to-noise ratio of the impedance signal and we demonstrate that the smaller the electrode spacing the higher the signal obtained from a single microparticle. The sample stream is introduced to the system using the same hydrodynamic focusing device, which ensures the alignment of the sample in between the electrodes. Utilising a 3D hydrodynamic focusing approach, we force all the particles to go through the sensing region of the electrodes. This fabrication scheme not only provides a very low-cost and easy method for rapid prototyping, but which can also be used for applications requiring 3D electric field focused through a narrow section of the microchannel. © 2015 IOP Publishing Ltd

Definition and detection of simulation noise via imaginary simulated particles in comparison with an electrical microfluidic chip noise

WOS:000585754800002Real problems in science and engineering generally do not have an analytical solution, which invariably leads to the application of numerical methods to analyze the problem. The numerical solutions to the same problem give different results due to variations in discretization, which are defined as simulation noise in this study. Microfluidics impedance flow cytometry is employed to demonstrate and compare experimental and simulated noise. For measurement of the simulation noise, an object is assigned with the same electrical parameters as the medium and moved along the electrode region through a microchannel. Since the object is no different to the medium in terms of material properties, forwarding of the object through the electrodes doesn't have any physical effect, but just reorders the meshing. However, the impedance, which is the calculated output parameter of the simulation, fluctuates due to the reordering of the meshes and is defined as the simulation noise. By employing the imaginary object method, noise can be measured for every Finite element method (FEM) simulation even if the problem has a different physical background

A versatile plug microvalve for microfluidic applications

GULER, MUSTAFA TAHSIN/0000-0002-0478-3183; Elbuken, Caglar/0000-0001-8359-6871WOS: 000413381400027Most of the available microvalves include complicated fabrication steps and multiple materials. We present a microvalve which is inspired from macroplug valves. The plug microvalve is fabricated by boring a hole through a rigid cylindrical rod and inserting it through a microfluidic chip. It simply functions by rotating the rod which aligns or misaligns the valve port with the microchannel. The rod is made up of a rigid material for applying the valve to an elastic polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microchannel. The valve can also be used for a rigid channel by inserting the rod into an elastic tubing. Therefore, the presented microvalve can be used for both elastomeric and thermoplastic channels. The plug microvalve can be applied to a prefabricated microchannel and does not require modification of the mold design. We have verified the repeatability and robustness of the valve by repetitive operation cycles using a servo motor. The plug microvalve is adaptable to numerous microfluidic applications. We have shown three modes of operation for the microvalve including fluid flow control across multiple intersecting channels. Integrating the microvalve to some commonly used microfluidic designs, we demonstrated the versatility and the practicality of the microvalve for controlling flow focusing, microdroplet sorting and rapid chemical agent detection. This low-cost microvalve significantly minimizes the prototyping time for microfluidic systems. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.European Union FP7 Marie Curie Career Integration Grant [322019]; TUBITAK-BIDEB graduate fellowshipThis project was partially supported by European Union FP7 Marie Curie Career Integration Grant (no. 322019). P. B. is supported by TUBITAK-BIDEB graduate fellowship. The authors also thank Murat Serhatlioglu for his help on the figures, Ziya Isiksacan and Resul Saritas for critical reading of the manuscript

Rapid fabrication of microfluidic PDMS devices from reusable PDMS molds using laser ablation

GULER, MUSTAFA TAHSIN/0000-0002-0478-3183; Elbuken, Caglar/0000-0001-8359-6871WOS: 000375230700008The conventional fabrication methods for microfluidic devices require cleanroom processes that are costly and time-consuming We present a novel, facile, and low-cost method for rapid fabrication of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) molds and devices. The method consists of three main fabrication steps: female mold (FM), male mold (MM), and chip fabrication. We use a CO, laser cutter to pattern a thin, spin -coated PDMS layer for FM fabrication. We then obtain reusable PDMS MM from the FM using PDMS/PDMS casting. Finally, a second casting step is used to replicate PDMS devices from the MM. Demolding of one PDMS layer from another is carried out without any potentially hazardous chemical surface treatment. We have successfully demonstrated that this novel method allows fabrication of microfluidic molds and devices with precise dimensions (thickness, width, length) using a single material, PDMS, which is very common across microfluidic laboratories. The whole process, from idea to device testing, can be completed in 1.5 h in a standard laboratory.European UnionEuropean Union (EU) [322019]This project was partially supported by European Union FP7 Marie Curie Career Integration Grant (no. 322019)

Rapid fabrication of microfluidic PDMS devices from reusable PDMS molds using laser ablation

GULER, MUSTAFA TAHSIN/0000-0002-0478-3183; Elbuken, Caglar/0000-0001-8359-6871WOS: 000375230700008The conventional fabrication methods for microfluidic devices require cleanroom processes that are costly and time-consuming We present a novel, facile, and low-cost method for rapid fabrication of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) molds and devices. The method consists of three main fabrication steps: female mold (FM), male mold (MM), and chip fabrication. We use a CO, laser cutter to pattern a thin, spin -coated PDMS layer for FM fabrication. We then obtain reusable PDMS MM from the FM using PDMS/PDMS casting. Finally, a second casting step is used to replicate PDMS devices from the MM. Demolding of one PDMS layer from another is carried out without any potentially hazardous chemical surface treatment. We have successfully demonstrated that this novel method allows fabrication of microfluidic molds and devices with precise dimensions (thickness, width, length) using a single material, PDMS, which is very common across microfluidic laboratories. The whole process, from idea to device testing, can be completed in 1.5 h in a standard laboratory.European UnionEuropean Union (EU) [322019]This project was partially supported by European Union FP7 Marie Curie Career Integration Grant (no. 322019)

A simple approach for the fabrication of 3D microelectrodes for impedimetric sensing

GULER, MUSTAFA TAHSIN/0000-0002-0478-3183; Elbuken, Caglar/0000-0001-8359-6871WOS: 000365167700026In this paper, we present a very simple method to fabricate three-dimensional (3D) microelectrodes integrated with microfluidic devices. We form the electrodes by etching a microwire placed across a microchannel. For precise control of the electrode spacing, we employ a hydrodynamic focusing microfluidic device and control the width of the etching solution stream. The focused widths of the etchant solution and the etching time determine the gap formed between the electrodes. Using the same microfluidic device, we can fabricate integrated 3D electrodes with different electrode gaps. We have demonstrated the functionality of these electrodes using an impedimetric particle counting setup. Using 3D microelectrodes with a diameter of 25 mu m, we have detected 6 mu m-diameter polystyrene beads in a buffer solution as well as erythrocytes in a PBS solution. We study the effect of electrode spacing on the signal-to-noise ratio of the impedance signal and we demonstrate that the smaller the electrode spacing the higher the signal obtained from a single microparticle. The sample stream is introduced to the system using the same hydrodynamic focusing device, which ensures the alignment of the sample in between the electrodes. Utilising a 3D hydrodynamic focusing approach, we force all the particles to go through the sensing region of the electrodes. This fabrication scheme not only provides a very low-cost and easy method for rapid prototyping, but which can also be used for applications requiring 3D electric field focused through a narrow section of the microchannel.Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK)Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [112M944]; European UnionEuropean Union (EU) [322019]This project was supported by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK project no. 112M944) and European Union FP7 Marie Curie Career Integration Grant (no. 322019). The authors also thank Dr Aykutlu Dana, Dr Gokhan Bakan and Amir Ghobadi for their help in the measurement setup and their comments on the manuscript