Arbeidspraksiskunnskap: elevers erfaring med arbeidspraksis i faget prosjekt til fordypning innenfor yrkesfag i videregående skole

Hensikten med denne masteroppgaven var å få en forståelse av dagens situasjon når det gjelder hva arbeidspraksis har betydd for elevene i faget prosjekt til fordypning. Et av formålene i læreplan til faget prosjekt til fordypning er at elever skal få erfaring med innhold, oppgaver og arbeidsmåter som karakteriserer de ulike yrkene innen utdanningsprogrammene. Denne studiens problemstilling er; Hva har elever erfart i arbeidspraksis i faget prosjekt til fordypning innenfor yrkesfag i videregående skole? Det er benyttet en kvalitativ metode og en versjon av Grounded theory som har likhetstrekk med Corbin og Strauss sin foreskrivende utvikling av kategorier. Studien baserer seg på 4 fokusgruppeintervjuer, der det strategiske utvalget av informanter er 21 elever fra vg1, vg2 og vg3 fra ulike yrkesfaglige utdanningsprogram. Med bruk av våre fortolkninger og gjennom analysearbeidet av det empiriske materialet og teori, kom vi frem til kjernekategorien arbeidspraksiskunnskap. Arbeidspraksiskunnskap består av de fire begrepene: organisering, arbeid, praksis og kunnskap. Elevenes erfaringsbane presenteres og drøftes. Elevene får opplæring i bedrift som gir dem kunnskap innenfor flere områder. På den måten får elevene kunnskap som gjør de i stand til å foreta en rekke valg. Arbeidspraksis i faget prosjekt til fordypning kan være utfordrende og motiverende, er ulikt organisert, gir praktisk karriereveiledning, og kan være et viktig bidrag til læring av yrkesfag, samt utvikling av sosial kompetanseMaster i yrkespedagogik

Does improved access to diagnostic imaging results reduce hospital length of stay? A retrospective study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>One year after the introduction of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) to support diagnostic imaging at our hospital, clinicians had faster and better access to radiology reports and images; direct access to Computed Tomography (CT) reports in the Electronic Medical Record (EMR) was particularly popular. The objective of this study was to determine whether improvements in radiology reporting and clinical access to diagnostic imaging information one year after the ICT introduction were associated with a reduction in the length of patients' hospital stays (LOS).</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Data describing hospital stays and diagnostic imaging were collected retrospectively from the EMR during periods of equal duration before and one year after the introduction of ICT. The post-ICT period was chosen because of the documented improvement in clinical access to radiology results during that period. The data set was randomly split into an exploratory part used to establish the hypotheses, and a confirmatory part. The data was used to compare the pre-ICT and post-ICT status, but also to compare differences between groups.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>There was no general reduction in LOS one year after ICT introduction. However, there was a 25% reduction for one group - patients with CT scans. This group was heterogeneous, covering 445 different primary discharge diagnoses. Analyses of subgroups were performed to reduce the impact of this divergence.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Our results did not indicate that improved access to radiology results reduced the patients' LOS. There was, however, a significant reduction in LOS for patients undergoing CT scans. Given the clinicians' interest in CT reports and the results of the subgroup analyses, it is likely that improved access to CT reports contributed to this reduction.</p

Bostøtte og boutgifter

Bostøtten skal medvirke til at eldre, uføre og barnefamilier med svak økonomi skal kunne anskaffe, eller bli boende i, en god og hensiktsmessig bolig, og utjevne forskjeller i levekår for pensjonistgrupper som følge av ulikheter i boutgifter. Ved hjelp av data fra levekårsundersøkelsen analyseres dagens bostøtteordning ut fra disse målsetningene. Ut fra vanlige fattigdomsdefinisjoner befinner majoriteten av mottakerne seg enten under eller like over fattigdomsgrensen. Ordningen er imidlertid langt mer sjenerøs overfor små enn for store hushold. En økende del av bostøtten blir utbetalt til leieboere. Størst andel mottakere finnes blant de som leier av kommunen

Forskning om småbarnsforeldres dagligliv

I april 2002 arrangerte NOVA et seminar der målet var å presentere og diskutere aktuelle problemstillinger for forskning om småbarnsforeldres dagligliv. I rapporten presenteres innlegg av Knud Knudsen, Anne Lise Ellingsæter, Lars Gulbrandsen, Arnlaug Leira, Kari Wærness, Ragni Hege Kitterød, Thor Olav Thoresen, Marit Rønsen og Elin Kvande

Gjeld til å bære?

Nordmenn låner til bolig som aldri før. Over tid har et økende antall husholdninger skaffet seg boliglån, og de utestående beløp øker stadig. Samtidig er det også stadig flere som benytter seg av ulike tilbud om forbrukskreditt. Men på denne del av markedet har de utstående beløp blant de som benytter seg av slik kreditt ikke økt. I denne rapporten belyses sammenhengen mellom disse to delene av kredittmarkedet. Under hvilke betingelser velger husholdingene å benytte seg av tilbudene om kortsiktig kreditt og under hvilke betingelser velges lån mot sikkerhet i bolig? I rapporten sammenliknes resultatene fra tre spørreundersøkelser i 1997, 2004 og 2006. Oppdragsgiver har vært GE Money Bank

Barnehagen - fra selektivt til universelt velferdsgode

I løpet av de siste 30 år har barnehagen etablert seg som en sentral institusjon i den vanlige norske barndommen. Barnehagens karakter er endret fra et selektivt arrangement for få barn til å nærme seg en universell ordning. Utviklingen er tett forbundet med endringer i mødres forhold til arbeidsmarkedet. Rapporten belyser de prosessene som har omformet den norske barnehagen: Endringer i foreldres etterspørsel etter barnehageplass, utviklingslinjer i barnehagen som offentlig velferdstilbud, og ikke minst samspillet mellom etterspørsel og tilbud. Les pressemelding he

Fra best til bedre?

Summary The Government White Paper on day care provision presented in December 1999 announced a three-year quality drive. Starting in 2001, all Norwegian day care centres were to establish, by the end of 2003, tools and systems designed to further develop and safeguard the quality of day care centres. At the end of the day-care-centre year 2001-2002, NOVA conducted a survey to ascertain the progress made half-way through the three-year period. A similar survey was conducted early in 2004 shortly after the end of the period. The results of the latter survey are reported here. Marginally more children were enrolled in day care centres in 2004 than in 2002. Moreover, a number of day care centres only offer places on a full-day basis. However, staff numbers had not increased. The number of day care centres with at least one male employee had risen from 33 to 41, although the number of male pre-school teachers had shown no increase. Day care centre managers remain a stable labour force element. Only 12 per cent had been employed for less than one year. More than half had managed the same day care centre for more than four years. Other personnel also show a high degree of stability. In more than half of the day care centres, no employee had left in the past year. When day care centres which had lost just one employee in the past year are added to those which had lost no employees, the two groups combined account for 80 per cent of all day care centres. The fact that those who have left have generally been employed in large rather than small day care centres probably further increases children's and parents' perception of low staff turnover. A large majority of day care centres have established formal routines for information exchange. This applies above all to what may be turned "start-up information", less to daily, general information. The latter is probably compensated for by means of parent-staff conversations, parent-staff meetings, liaison committee meetings and users surveys which are a feature of nine out of ten day care centres. In 2002 the existence of formal information routines depended on a day care centre’s size and ownership. Since then, private day care centres have initiated further information measures, bringing them into line with the municipal day care centres. Children's well-being and development are in general surveyed in the traditional manner, i.e. by observation. About half of the day care centres make little or no use of methods such as reports from daily life practice or systematic conversations or interviews with children. The number of day care centres where both children and parents participate in assessment work and planning has risen since 2002. In almost half of the day care centres children now participate in at least some assessment work. Children are being drawn more and more into the process of planning the day care centre's content and activities. There are still a considerable number of day care centres where there is little or no child or parental participation, although they are fewer in number than in 2002. Where buildings and outdoor areas are concerned the general position appears to be good, and at least on a par with or marginally better than in 2002 in the case of areas on which comments were requested. While the situation remains better in large day care centres than in small ones, the difference between small and large day care centres has narrowed. This is especially true for a key feature of the quality drive, namely the question of whether the day care centre's physical environment is suitably adapted for all children. Since 2002 it has become slightly more usual for the owner to introduce a common system for quality assurance of day care centres as well as of other service provision. Naturally enough this applies above all to municipal day care centres where the owner, to a far greaterextent than private day care centre owners, offers a broader range of additional services. Municipal day care centres are also a step ahead of their private counterparts in terms of planning and providing training and post-qualifying education facilities for their staff. Despite these disparities, private day care centre managers are far more satisfied with the conditions in which they operate than are the managers of municipal day care centres. Both in 2002 and 2004, a clear-cut majority of managers were satisfied with their framework conditions. As regards the extent of contact and collaboration between the individual day care centre and the municipality in its role as local day care centre authority, no change can be seen from 2002 to 2004. Half of all day care centres still receive no annual supervisory visit from the municipal authorities. Use of formalised leadership models has increased between 2002 and 2004. Such models are most prevalent in the largest day care centres and municipal day care centres. No corresponding increase is evident in the use made of the quality assurance tools that we questioned our respondents about. Such tools are most widespread in the largest day care centres, however, and are far more in evidence in municipal day care centres than in their private counterparts. Service declarations, above all, are more widespread in 2004 than in 2002, and there is a clear preponderance of municipal day care centres that employ this tool. The 2004 survey incorporated questions on two new themes: bullying and the transition from day care centre to school. Seventy five per cent of day care centre managers report instances of bullying over the past year. However, a large majority state that bullying is a very rare occurrence. The largest day care centres report somewhat more instances of bullying than the smallest day care centres, but there is no correlation between reported instances of bullying and the day care centre's ownership. Eighty seven per cent of day care centres utilised one or more methods to counteract bullying. The commonest methods are the programmes entitled "You and I and the two of us", "Step by step" and "Eight themes for successful interaction/supervised interaction", in addition to systematic observation of child interaction. Ninety per cent of day care centres report having in place measures or routines to prepare for the transition between day care centre and school. In half of this 90 per cent the measures and routines are anchored to the individual day care centre, in the other half they are anchored to the municipal level. There is a positive correlation between anchorage to the municipal level and other quality objectives, both in terms of managers' quality assessments and in terms of the overall number of quality indicators. In 2002 one in ten day care centre managers reported that they had attained the target set for the quality drive at their day care centre. More than half expected to attain the target by the end of 2003. At the latter point in time far fewer, only one in five, managers perceived the target to have been attained. Progress in attaining the targets was clearly slower than expected. The survey cannot provide a definite explanation of how and why this delay has risen. Since 2002, however, the day care centre sector has been greatly affected by the agreement on day care provision reached in the Norwegian parliament, an agreement which puts a far greater focus on price than on quality

Gjeld til å bære?

Nordmenn låner til bolig som aldri før. Over tid har et økende antall husholdninger skaffet seg boliglån, og de utestående beløp øker stadig. Samtidig er det også stadig flere som benytter seg av ulike tilbud om forbrukskreditt. Men på denne del av markedet har de utstående beløp blant de som benytter seg av slik kreditt ikke økt. I denne rapporten belyses sammenhengen mellom disse to delene av kredittmarkedet. Under hvilke betingelser velger husholdingene å benytte seg av tilbudene om kortsiktig kreditt og under hvilke betingelser velges lån mot sikkerhet i bolig? I rapporten sammenliknes resultatene fra tre spørreundersøkelser i 1997, 2004 og 2006. Oppdragsgiver har vært GE Money Bank