Assessment of graphitized coal ash char concentrates as a potential synthetic graphite source

Coal ash char concentrates from four countries (Portugal, Poland, Romania, and South Africa) were prepared, characterised, and graphitized under the scope of the Charphite project (Third ERA-MIN Joint Call (2015) on the Sustainable Supply of Raw Materials in Europe). Coal ash chars may be a secondary raw material to produce synthetic graphite and could be an alternative to natural graphite, which is a commodity with a high supply risk. The char concentrates and the graphitized material derived from the char concentrates were characterised using proximate analysis, X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction (structural), Raman microspectroscopy, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, scanning electron microscopy, and petrographic analyses to determine if the graphitization of the char was successful, and which char properties enhanced or hindered graphitization. Char concentrates with a lower proportion of anisotropic particles and a higher proportion of mixed porous particles showed greater degrees of graphitization. It is curious to see that embedded Al2O3 minerals, such as glass and clay, influenced graphitization, as they most likely acted as catalysts for crystal growth in the basal direction. However, the graphitized samples, as a whole, do not compare well against a reference natural graphite sample despite some particles in select char concentrates appearing to be graphitized following graphitization.Fil: Badenhorst, Charlotte. University Of Johannesburg; SudáfricaFil: Santos, Cláudia. Universidad de Porto; PortugalFil: Lazaro Martinez, Juan Manuel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco; ArgentinaFil: Bialecka, Barbara. Central Mining Institute; PoloniaFil: Cruceru, Mihai. University Constantin Brancusi of Targu Jiu; RumaniaFil: Guedes, Alexandra. Universidad de Porto; PortugalFil: Guimarâes, Renato. Universidad de Porto; PortugalFil: Moreira, Karen. Universidad de Porto; PortugalFil: Predeanu, Georgeta. University Politehnica Of Bucharest; RumaniaFil: Suárez-Ruíz, Isabel. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; EspañaFil: Cameán, Ignacio. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; EspañaFil: Valentim, Bruno. Universidad de Porto; PortugalFil: Wagner, Nicola. University Of Johannesburg; Sudáfric

III Livro de Resultados de Pesquisa do GRAED PUCPR: trabalhos científicos em análise econômica do direito

Trata-se de obra coletiva composta por trabalhos científicos de membros e parceiros do GRAED PUCPR, que se apresenta como mecanismo de promoção de pesquisas científicas na área de Análise Econômica do Direito. Para tanto, são consolidados comunicados científicos apresentados no III Encontro de Pesquisa do GRAED PUCPR, resultados do Programa Institucional de Bolsas de Iniciação Científica (PIBIC) realizados por membros do grupo e artigos científicos avaliados por pares e cujas pesquisas relacionam-se com os projetos do grupo