Micronuclei and nuclear anomalies in Mexico’s indigenous population

Objective. To determine the number of micronuclei and nuclear anomalies in Mexico’s indigenous population. Materials and methods. One hundred twenty indigenous individuals were evaluated, including thirty from the ethnicities Cora, Huichol, Tarahumara and Tepehuano. The number of micronuclei (MN) and any nuclear abnormality (NA) in oral mucosa cells, including cells with nuclear buds, binucleated cells, cells with karyolysis, karyorrhetic, condensed chromatin and pyknotic cells were determined for each participant. Results. Tepehuano and Tarahumaras showed the greatest damage to DNA. The Tepehuano group presented the highest number of MN and NA, this being a significant difference (p < 0.05) compared with the rest of the studied groups. This group also presented the highest herbicide exposure (46.7%). In relation to the smoking and drinking habits, these were more frequent in the Tarahumara group (33.3 and 50% respectively). Conclusion. The ethnic diversity, habits and customs may influence the DNA nuclear integrity in the Amerindian groups

Association of rs712 polymorphism in a let-7 microRNA-binding site of KRAS gene with colorectal cancer in a Mexican population

Objective(s): The rs712 polymorphism in a let-7 microRNA-binding site at KRAS gene has been associated with cancer. To examine its association with rs712 polymorphism, we analyzed Mexican individuals with colorectal cancer (CRC) and healthy subjects. Materials and Methods: Genotyping of the rs712 polymorphism was performed by polymerase chain reaction in 281 controls and 336 CRC patients. Results: The observed frequencies of rs712 polymorphism indicated an associated protective factor for CRC (P=0.032). An association between genotype and the disease was evident in: colon localization (allele T, odds ratio (OR) 3.82, 95% confidence Intervals (CI) 2.77-5.28, P=0.0001), node metastasis (genotype TT, OR 2.49, 95% CI 1.45-4.28, P=0.0009), poor differentiation (genotype GT, OR 2.35, 95% CI 1.35-4.1, P=0.0033), and poor chemotherapy response (genotype GT, OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.7-4.24, P=0.0001). Conclusion: Comparison of the data from patients with control group showed that polymorphism of rs712 in KRAS gene was protective factor, which was associated with susceptibility for CRC. However, the genotypes TT and GT of rs712 polymorphism in KRAS could contribute significantly to colon localization, node metastasis, poor differentiation and poor chemotherapy response in CRC patients in this sample population

Estudio de la factibilidad del cerdo como modelo indicador de agentes genotóxicos mediante el conteo de eritrocitos micronucleados

The massive increases in world population, industrial development and urbanization have led strong environmental toxicological effects. Therefore it is important to identify particularly the compounds that cause damage chromosomal level. The objective was to evaluate the pig as bioindicators micronucleogénicos agents by the micronucleus test. 40 piglets were used which were divided into 4 lots: control lot 5 mg, 10 mg lot, and 20 mg of cyclophosphamide lot. , using this compound as a micronucleogénico inducing agent. Results were analyzed by the statistical tests of Friedman and Wilcoxon (P <0.05). Micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes showed a significant statistical difference in lots 5 mg and 10 mg. In treatment 20 mg there is no significant difference. In the analysis of micronucleated erythrocytes, no significant difference was found. According to the results, we conclude that in piglets micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes increased significantly at doses of 5 and 10 mg / kg of cyclophosphamide. At doses of 10 and 20 mg / kg of cyclophosphamide, piglets have cytotoxic effects in their myeloid system26El enorme aumento de la población mundial, el desarrollo industrial y la fuerte urbanización han tenido un gran efecto toxicológico ambiental. Por lo que es importante detectar sobre todo, los compuestos que producen daño a nivel cromosómico. El objetivo fue evaluar al cerdo como un bioindicador de agentes micronucleogénicos, mediante la prueba de micronúcleos. Se usaron 40 lechones los cuales se dividieron en 4 lotes: lote control, lote 5 mg, lote 10 mg, y lote 20 mg de ciclofosfamida, usando a este compuesto como agente inductor micronucleogénico. Los resultados fueron analizados por las pruebas estadísticas de Friedman y de Wilcoxon (P<0.05). Los eritrocitos policromáticos micronucleados muestran diferencia estadística significativa en los lotes 5 mg y 10 mg. En tratamiento 20 mg no hay diferencia significativa. En el análisis de eritrocitos micronucleados no se encontró diferencia significativa. De acuerdo a los resultados se concluye que en el lechón se incrementan los eritrocitos policromáticos micronucleados significativamente con dosis de 5 y 10 mg/kg de ciclofosfamida. A dosis de 10 y 20 mg/kg de ciclofosfamida el lechón presenta efectos de citotoxicidad en su sistema mieloid

El cerdo joven como bioindicador de concentraciones bajas de genotóxicos mediante eritrocitos micronucleados

The aim of this was to determine the response of the young pig erythrocyte micronuclei (10-13 weeks / age) exposed to cyclophosphamide (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 mg / kg), for use as a biomarker of low concentrations of genotoxic. Thus, in pigs induced with cyclophosphamide found significant increases in the number of micronucleated cells in the treatments of 0.5, 1.0 and 4 mg / kg of cyclophosphamide. So we conclude that young pigs (10-13 weeks / age) show micronucleated erythrocyte response to cyclophosphamide, even at lower doses than recommended for rodent evidence of chromosomal damage. Therefore, the pig can be considered as a reliable test to detect genotoxic agents micronucleatedEl objetivo del presente fue establecer la respuesta eritrocitaria micronucleada del cerdo joven (10 a 13 semanas/edad) expuesto a la ciclofosfamida (0.5, 1.0 2.0 y 4.0 mg/Kg), para utilizarlo como un bioindicador de concentraciones bajas de genotóxicos. Así, en los cerdos inducidos con ciclofosfamida encontramos incrementos significativos en el número de células micronucleadas en los tratamientos de 0.5, 1.0 y 4 mg/Kg de ciclofosfamida. Por lo que concluimos que los cerdos jóvenes (10 a 13 semanas/edad), muestran respuesta eritrocitaria micronucleogénica a la ciclofosfamida, aún a dosis más bajas de las recomendadas para los roedores en pruebas de daño cromosómico. Por lo tanto, el cerdo puede ser considerado, como una prueba confiable para detectar agentes genotóxicos micronucleogénico

Cytogenotoxicity Evaluation of Young Adults Exposed to High Levels of Air Pollution in a Mexican Metropolitan Zone Using Buccal Micronucleus Cytome Assay

Air pollution has become a serious public health problem globally. Recent studies support the harmful effect of air pollution on human health, in addition to scientific evidence that recognizes it as a human carcinogen. The buccal micronucleus cytome (BMC) assay is employed extensively to measure cytotoxic and genotoxic damage in a population exposed to environmental contamination. The objective of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in healthy young adults exposed to different levels of air pollution and to identify areas with air pollution rates above the regulatory limits. This study was performed through the BMC assay in oral mucosa samples from 80 healthy young adults from the Guadalajara metropolitan zone. Three highly contaminated areas were taken into account: Tlaquepaque, Miravalle, and Las Pintas. Las Aguilas, a less contaminated area, was used as a reference. The frequencies of nuclear abnormalities in the areas with the highest and lowest levels of air pollution were compared with the Mann–Whitney U test. In addition, an analysis of the concentration of environmental pollutants, particulate matter≤10 μm (PM10), ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and carbon monoxide (CO), were carried out in the mentioned areas, in order to identify the events above the regulatory limits in a year period. The results showed that young adults exposed to a higher concentration of pollutants showed higher frequencies of nuclear abnormalities. The individuals from the areas of Tlaquepaque, Miravalle, and Las Pintas showed cytotoxic damage since statistically significant differences were found in the abnormalities of pyknotic nuclei (PNs), condensed chromatin (CC), karyorrhexis (KX), and karyolysis (KL). The individuals who showed the most cytotoxic damage were from the Las Pintas area with higher frequencies in nuclear abnormalities (PNs, CC, KX, and KL) (p<0.0001). Genotoxic damage was found in individuals from two zones, Miravalle and Las Pintas, with statistically significant differences in the abnormality of nuclear buds (NBUDs) (p<0.0001). Our results suggest that exposure to high levels of air pollution in healthy young adults has an effect on cellular and nuclear integrity and thus in human health, since areas with higher air pollution showed an increase in cytotoxicity, specifically in early and late markers of cell death (CC, KX, PN, and KL) and genotoxic damage (BUDs)

Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Levels in Gingival Crevicular Fluid, Saliva, and Serum of Chronic Periodontitis Patients

Chronic periodontitis (CP) is an infection that affects the teeth supporting structure. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is an important effector cytokine of the innate immune system. Due to its functional characteristics, MIF may be involved in the immunopathology of CP. The aim of the present study was to evaluate MIF levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), saliva, and serum of CP patients. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 60 subjects divided into two groups: subjects with CP (n= 30) and periodontally healthy subjects without CP (n=30). MIF was quantified in GCF, saliva, and serum of all participants by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. MIF concentrations were higher in GCF, saliva, and serum in the group with CP compared with the group without CP and a higher MIF concentration was observed in GCF (p=0.001) and saliva (p=0.009) in the group with CP. MIF intragroup comparisons between fluids demonstrated significant high levels of MIF in saliva compared with GCF and serum in both study groups (p<0.05). A positive correlation was found between clinical signs and MIF concentration in GCF (p<0.05). There is an association between the MIF and the clinical signs of the disease. Therefore, MIF could have an important role in the pathology and progression of CP

Genotoxic and cytotoxic evaluation of Jatropha dioica Sessé ex Cerv. by the micronucleus test in mouse peripheral blood

Jatropha dioica Sessé ex Cerv. is a medicinal plant credited with low cytotoxicity in vitro. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the possible genotoxic and cytotoxic effect in vivo of the J. dioica aqueous extract by means of micronucleus assay in mouse peripheral blood. Four different J. dioica aqueous extract dose-units were evaluated (30, 60, 100, and 300 mg/kg). The extract was administered orally to male Balb-C-strain mice every 24 h during 5 days. Blood samples were taken at 0, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h from the mouse's tail and were performed in duplicate extensions. The number of Polychromatic Erythrocytes (PCE), Polychromatic Micronucleus Erythrocytes (PCEMN), and Micronucleus Erythrocytes (MNE) was determined at the different sampling times in the different study groups. Our results showed that the group that received 60 mg/kg of cyclophosphamide (positive control) presented a significant decrease in the PCE (p = 0.044) proportion and a significant increase in MNE (p = 0.032, p = 0.0001). The groups that received the different J. dioica aqueous extract doses did not present either a PCE decrease or an increase in PCEMN and MNE. J. dioica exerts neither a genotoxic nor a cytotoxic effect on mouse peripheral blood at high doses

Amelioration of Cytogenotoxic Damage in Drug Abusers Supplemented with Folic Acid

Background: Cytogenotoxic damage caused by the consumption of legal and illegal drugs in drug abusers has been demonstrated, primarily due to alterations in their antioxidant capacity, cellular repair mechanisms, and increased production of free radicals. Folic acid shows antioxidant activity by acting as a reducing agent, neutralizing present free radicals, and reducing genomic damage. Methods: The intervention involved administering 15 mg of folic acid, divided into three doses per day, to a group of 44 drug abusers. The frequency of nuclear abnormalities (NAs) was determined; micronuclei (MNs), nuclear buds (NBUDs), binucleated cells (BNs), abnormally condensed chromatin (CC), karyorrhexis (KX), pyknotic nuclei (PNs), and karyolysis (KL) were determined at different pre-treatment (baseline) and post-treatment time points at 15 and 30 days. Additionally, a group of 44 healthy individuals was used as the control group. Results: We observed a statistically significant decrease in the frequency of NAs in the drug abuser group (28.45 ± 17.74 before supplementation vs. 11.18 ± 7.42 at 15 days and 9.11 ± 10.9 at 30 days of supplementation). Specifically, it decreased the frequency of NBUDs, BNs, CC, KX, and PNs (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Our study demonstrates a clear improvement in cytogenotoxic damage in drug abusers supplemented with folic acid

Increased number of micronuclei and nuclear anomalies in buccal mucosa cells from people exposed to alcohol-containing mouthwash

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of alcohol-containing mouthwash on the induction of micronuclei and nuclear anomalies in exfoliated buccal cells, including binucleated cells, cells with nuclear buds, and karyolitic, karyorrhectic, condensed chromatin, and pyknotic cells. Buccal mucosa cells were collected from 107 healthy participants who were divided into three groups: control subjects who did not use mouthwash (n = 33), subjects who were exposed for 30 days and two times rinsing with 30 seconds each time to alcohol-containing mouthwash (n = 38; 26% ethanol concentration); and subjects exposed to a non-alcohol-containing mouthwash (n = 36). A slide was used to collect cells from the oral mucosa from the inner lining of both cheeks. Samples were spread directly onto two separate, precleaned and precoded slides. Smears were air-dried, fixed, stained, and analyzed by microscopy for micronuclei and nuclear anomalies. Frequency of micronuclei, nuclear buds, and karyolitic, karyorrhectic, and condensed chromatin cells increased significantly (P < 0.05) in the alcohol-containing mouthwash group after mouthwash exposition, compared with both the control and the non-alcohol-containing mouthwash groups. Our results suggest that subjects exposed to alcohol-containing mouthwash exhibited an increase in frequency of micronuclei and nuclear anomalies in oral mucosal cells, which is directly related to DNA damage

Evaluation of Genotoxic Effect and Antigenotoxic Potential against DNA Damage of the Aqueous and Ethanolic Leaf Extracts of Annona muricata Using an In Vivo Erythrocyte Rodent Micronucleus Assay

Annona muricata have been extensively used in traditional medicine to treat multiple diseases, including cancers. This study evaluated the genotoxic potential and antigenotoxic activities of A. muricata aqueous and ethanolic leaf extracts by employing an in vivo erythrocyte rodent micronucleus assay. Different doses (187.5, 375, and 750 mg/kg) of both extracts were administered orally for 5 days alone and combined with cyclophosphamide (CP, 60 mg/kg) to BALB/c mice. Also, it was administered orally to Wistar rats for 5 days through the final stage of gestation. No genotoxic or cytotoxic effects were observed in the two adult rodent models when A. muricata was administered orally nor in newborn rats transplacentally exposed to the extracts. Moreover, A. muricata aqueous and ethanolic leaf extracts demonstrated a protective effect against CP-induced DNA damage. Due to its lack of genotoxic effect and its capacity to decrease DNA damage, A. muricata is likely to open an interest field regarding its potential safe use in clinical applications