A 21st century perspective on Peru and the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea [UNCLOS III]

The adoption of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in 1982, constituted the major political and legal achievement that the International community has ever achieved, regarding the uses of the sea. It is considered as the Constitution of the Oceans binding upon all States, whether they are party or not to the Convention, as part of the current customary international law. Countries holding unilateral positions in this regard are every day less accepted and supported by the international community as a whole. The fundamentals of the 200nm thesis are now part of the main legal regimes under the Convention, providing its member States with sound juridical safeguards to ensure the protection of their maritime and economic interests within and beyond 200nm. This dissertation is a study of the current situation of Peru’s maritime interests with regard to the Convention, discussing Peru’s role in its development, and the benefits that Peru may obtain from acceding to the Convention at this point in history. In doing so, the juridical nature of Peru’s maritime domain is examined, the development of the 200nm thesis and its international advocacy are reviewed, and the reasons behind Peru’s decision not to sign UNCLOS in 1982 are discussed. Additionally, Peru’s political, economic, and environmental developments over the last 20 years are reviewed, following by a discussion of the benefits that Peru may obtain from acceding to the Convention to protect its maritime interests within and beyond 200nm, including the maritime boundary delimitation with Chile and Ecuador. Finally, some of the reasons why Peru should accede to UNCLOS at this point in history are briefly discussed in the concluding section of this dissertation. The discussions contained in this dissertation are based on the analysis of the researched information using a deductive methodology. This dissertation concludes that Peru should accede to the Convention and the 1994 and 1995 Implementing Agreements to ensure the protection of its maritime interests within and beyond 200n

A 21st century perspective on Peru and the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

The adoption of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in 1982, constituted the major political and legal achievement that the International community has ever achieved, regarding the uses of the sea. It is considered as the Constitution of the Oceans binding upon all States, whether they are party or not to the Convention, as part of the current customary international law. Countries holding unilateral positions in this regard are every day less accepted and supported by the international community as a whole. The fundamentals of the 200nm thesis are now part of the main legal regimes under the Convention, providing its member States with sound juridical safeguards to ensure the protection of their maritime and economic interests within and beyond 200nm. This dissertation is a study of the current situation of Peru’s maritime interests with regard to the Convention, discussing Peru’s role in its development, and the benefits that Peru may obtain from acceding to the Convention at this point in history. In doing so, the juridical nature of Peru’s maritime domain is examined, the development of the 200nm thesis and its international advocacy are reviewed, and the reasons behind Peru’s decision not to sign UNCLOS in 1982 are discussed. Additionally, Peru’s political, economic, and environmental developments over the last 20 years are reviewed, following by a discussion of the benefits that Peru may obtain from acceding to the Convention to protect its maritime interests within and beyond 200nm, including the maritime boundary delimitation with Chile and Ecuador. Finally, some of the reasons why Peru should accede to UNCLOS at this point in history are briefly discussed in the concluding section of this dissertation. The discussions contained in this dissertation are based on the analysis of the researched information using a deductive methodology. This dissertation concludes that Peru should accede to the Convention and the 1994 and 1995 Implementing Agreements to ensure the protection of its maritime interests within and beyond 200nm

Overuse Injuries in Professional Ballet

Ballet is an athletic activity with a marked artistic component, that need a highest technical requirement and repetitive movements. In this way, Overuse injuries, as we have been able to demonstrate in our studies, will be the most frequent injuries in ballet. The technical requierements of ballet will influence both injury specificity for each discipline and for both sexes, usually with higher technical requirements among women and higher athletic requirements among men. The patellofemoral syndrome is the most frequent overuse injuries in ballet, related to decompensating mechanisms to increase a naturally weak in turnout or dehors. This injury and others as the snapping hip, are more common among women, with higher technical requirements than men, and in the more technically demanding disciplines such as classical ballet. Other important injuries in ballet are Achilles tendinopathy, the mechanical low back pain, or the Os trigonum Syndrome. It will be very important to know about, the biomechanic and pathomechanic of the Ballet specific technical gesture, the intrinsecal and environmental risk factors involved in ballet injuries, the injury-based differences among ballet disciplines and among age and professional seniority, as well as the most important preventive measures in ballet

A unifying approach to Weyl type theorems for Banach space operators

Weyl type theorems have been proved for a considerably large number of classes of operators. In this paper, by introducing the class of quasi totally hereditarily normaloid operators, we obtain a theoretical and general framework from which Weyl type theorems may be promptly established for many of these classes of operators. This framework also entails Weyl type theorems for perturbations f(T+K), where K is algebraic and commutes with T, and f is an analytic function, defined on an open neighborhood of the spectrum of $T+K, such that f is non constant on each of the components of its domain

NGC 6309, a Planetary Nebula that Shifted from Round to Multipolar

We present new narrow-band Ha, [N II], and [O III] high-resolution images of the quadrupolar planetary nebula (PN) NGC 6309 that show in great detail its bipolar lobes and reveal new morphological features. New high- and low-dispersion long-slit spectra have been obtained to help in the investigation of the new nebular components. The images and spectra unveil two diffuse blobs, one of them located at 55 arcsec from the central star along the NE direction (PA= +71) and the other at 78 arcsec in the SW direction (PA= -151). Therefore, these structures do not share the symmetry axes of the inner bipolar outflows. Their radial velocities relative to the system are quite low: +3 and -4 km/s, respectively. Spectroscopic data confirm a high [O III] to Ha ratio, indicating that the blobs are being excited by the UV flux from the central star. Our images convincingly show a spherical halo 60 arcsec in diameter encircling the quadrupolar nebula. The expansion velocity of this shell is low, 66 km/s. The software SHAPE has been used to construct a morpho-kinematic model for the ring and the bipolar flows that implies an age of 4,000 yrs, the expansion of the halo sets a lower limit for its age 46,000 yrs, and the very low expansion of the blobs suggests they are part of a large structure corresponding to a mass ejection that took place 150,000 yrs ago. In NGC 6309 we have direct evidence of a change in the geometry of mass-loss, from spherical in the halo to axially-symmetric in the two pairs of bipolar lobes.Comment: 8 pages, 7 figures, Accepted for publication in MNRA

Preharvest or a combination of preharvest and postharvest treatments with methyl jasmonate reduced chilling injury, by maintaining higher unsaturated fatty acids, and increased aril colour and phenolics content in pomegranate

In the present research the effects of preharvest 5mM methyl jasmonate (MeJa) treatments, alone (Pre) or in combination with postharvest 5mM MeJa treatment (Pre+Post), on reducing chilling injury (CI) of pomegranate during 90 d of storage at 2 °C plus 3 d at 20 °C and its relationship with changes in fatty acid composition of cell membranes were assayed. In addition, fruit and aril quality traits, total content in phenolics and anthocyanins and antioxidant activity of the arils were evaluated. Both, external and internal CI symptoms and the increase in ion leakage (IL) were reduced by Pre and Pre+Post MeJa treatments. The major fatty acids in pomegranate husk were palmitic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids. MeJa treatments led to higher concentration of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) at harvest, which wasmaintained at higher levels during storage, while saturated fatty acid (SFA) concentration was lower in treated fruit than in controls. The concentration of total phenolics and anthocyanins were lower in the arils from control fruit than in arils of Pre and Pre+Post treated fruit during the whole storage period. In general, there were no significant differences between Pre and Pre+Post MeJa treatments on their effects on reducing CI, maintaining membrane stability and bioactive compounds with antioxidant activity. Thus, preharvest MeJa treatments may be sufficient to increase the cold storage potential of pomegranate fruit by reducing CI symptoms and enhancing the content bioactive compounds with antioxidant activit

Melatonin Treatment of Apricot Trees Leads to Maintenance of Fruit Quality Attributes during Storage at Chilling and Non-Chilling Temperatures

The effects of preharvest melatonin treatment on apricot crop yield and fruit quality properties at harvest and during storage have not yet been investigated. Apricot trees, of the ‘Colorado’ and ‘Mikado’ cultivars, were sprayed with 0.1 mM melatonin at three key points of fruit development. Fruit were harvested at commercial ripening stage and yield was higher in melatonin treated trees than in the controls. Fruit were stored at 1 and 8 °C for 21 and 28 days, respectively. Samples were taken weekly and left at 20 °C for 1 day. Weight losses, as well as reduction in firmness and acidity, were delayed in fruits from melatonin treated trees, showing an effect of treatment on delaying the postharvest ripening process, which was attributed to a reduced ethylene production in both cultivars and at both storage temperatures. In addition, chilling injury symptoms were observed in apricots stored at 1 °C, which were reduced by preharvest melatonin treatment. Moreover, apricot from melatonin-treated fruit retained higher total phenolic content than the controls after 14 days of storage, although the phenolic profile was not affected by treatment. Thus, melatonin could be a useful tool for practical purposes to improve apricot crop yield and maintain fruit quality properties during storag

Desvelamiento de la novela total en “Conversación en La Catedral”: Artificios y falsificaciones

The present research work is about the representation of the total novel in Conversation in the Cathedral of Mario Vargas Llosa through the notions of oppositions and brittle realities. For this, the category of “broken glass” is proposed to understand a little better the fact that the destruction of cultural schemes is done by way of partitioning more or less visible pieces. And that no matter how much they configure a new aesthetic and that it has exploded in the very center of its axis, there are pieces of climatic moments of art history, permanent and in force in any new aesthetic. From this conception, the study will address the use made by Vargas Llosa of Realism, American & European literature, cinema, among others. Also, in this reconstruction of a totality, it will be observed that it is actually apparent, since it will be essentially split. Despite this, the contribution and narrative virtuosity that the author bequeathed in the notable years of Latin American Boom will be valued.La presente investigación analiza la representación de la novela total en la obra Conversación en La Catedral de Mario Vargas Llosa a través de las nociones de oposiciones y realidades quebradizas. Para ello, se propone la categoría de “cristales quebrados” para entender un poco mejor el hecho de que la destrucción de los esquemas culturales se realiza a manera de la partición de trozos más o menos visibles; y que, por más que configuren una nueva estética y que hayan explosionado en el centro mismo de su eje, restan trozos de momentos climáticos de la historia del arte, permanentes y vigentes en cualquier nueva estética. A partir de esta concepción, la investigación abordará el aprovechamiento que hizo Vargas Llosa del realismo, la literatura norteamericana, europea, el cine, entre otros. Asimismo, en esta reconstrucción de una totalidad, se observará que ésta en realidad es aparente, ya que resultará en esencia escindida. A pesar de ello, se reconocerá el aporte y virtuosismo narrativo que el autor legó en los años notables del Boom latinoamericano