Nurses' perceptions of aids and obstacles to the provision of optimal end of life care in ICU

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1207 Use of energy profile indicators to determine the expected range of heating energy consumption

A small set of query variables designed to collect information about the energy-related features of residential buildings is presented. These “energy profile indicators” include information about those visible characteristics of a building which have a notable impact on its energy performance and are simple to assess. The queries are an interesting source for a rough energy performance calculation for single buildings as well as for housing portfolios or housing stocks.A method has been developed to transform the energy profile indicators into input data for a physical calculation model. It consists of procedures to estimate the envelope area, U-values, and efficiency values of the heat supply system. To all model input variables an uncertainty is assigned. If information from a query is not available, the model input is set to a state representing the average building stock and the uncertainty of this quantity is adjusted to a value reflecting the variance in the stock. The resulting uncertainty of the calculated energy use is determined.Examples of the application of the method are given to show the influence of different unknown quantities including occupant behaviour. Experiences on the coherence with metered consumption are reported

Comparative Analysis of Resource and Climate Footprints for Different Heating Systems in Building Information Modeling

Buildings play an important role to meet Sustainable Development Goals, especially regarding the use of resources and greenhouse gas emissions. They are increasingly designed with energy-efficient solutions regarding their operations, while the related use of natural resources is still insufficiently considered. In this article, a methodology in Building Information Modeling is proposed to measure the resource and climate footprints of buildings’ heating systems. The methodology is applied to a case study building in Germany. The studied heating systems include a gas condensing boiler, ground-source heat pump, ground-source heat pump with a photo-voltaic system and air-source heat pump backed up with a gas boiler. Next to the operational energy, the production and transport of the heating systems were also studied. Results show that heating system operations have the largest impact and that the variant of ground-source heat pump combined with photovoltaics (GSHP + PV) has the lowest impact. In comparison with the gas boiler (GB), savings of 75%, 47%, 80%, and 84% are addressed to climate, material, energy, and land footprints, respectively, while the water footprint of GSHP + PV is 73% higher than that of GB

Comparative Analysis of Resource and Climate Footprints for Different Heating Systems in Building Information Modeling

Gefördert durch den Publikationsfonds der Universität Kasse

Windenergie Report Deutschland 2017

Der Windenergiereport des Fraunhofer-Instituts für Energiewirtschaft und Energiesystemtechnik (IEE) berichtet wissenschaftlich und anschaulich über die jährliche Entwicklung der Windenergie. Der Zubau und Ertrag von On- und Offshore Windenergieanlagen, der Anteil der Windenergie im Strommix, die Netzintegration und die Schritte zum Netzausbau werden übersichtlich dargestellt. Special Reports informieren über aktuelle Themen und Trends der Branche