MLVA polymorphism of Salmonella enterica subspecies isolated from humans, animals, and food in Cambodia

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p><it>Salmonella </it>(<it>S</it>.) <it>enterica </it>is the main cause of salmonellosis in humans and animals. The epidemiology of this infection involves large geographical distances, and strains related to an episode of salmonellosis therefore need to be reliably discriminated. Due to the limitations of serotyping, molecular genotyping methods have been developed, including multiple loci variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) analysis (MLVA). In our study, 11 variable number tandem-repeats markers were selected from the <it>S. enterica </it>Typhimurium LT2 genome to evaluate the genetic diversity of 206 <it>S. enterica </it>strains collected in Cambodia between 2001 and 2007.</p> <p>Findings</p> <p>Thirty one serovars were identified from three sources: humans, animals and food. The markers were able to discriminate all strains from 2 to 17 alleles. Using the genotype phylogeny repartition, MLVA distinguished 107 genotypes clustered into two main groups: <it>S. enterica </it>Typhi and other serovars. Four serovars (Derby, Schwarzengrund, Stanley, and Weltevreden) were dispersed in 2 to 5 phylogenic branches. Allelic variations within <it>S. enterica </it>serovars was represented using the minimum spanning tree. For several genotypes, we identified clonal complexes within the serovars. This finding supports the notion of endemo-epidemic diffusion within animals, food, or humans. Furthermore, a clonal transmission from one source to another was reported. Four markers (STTR3, STTR5, STTR8, and Sal20) presented a high diversity index (DI > 0.80).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>In summary, MLVA can be used in the typing and genetic profiling of a large diversity of <it>S. enterica </it>serovars, as well as determining the epidemiological relationships of the strains with the geography of the area.</p

La mort aux urgences (réalité sociologique et épidémiologique au sein d'un bassin de population (Avranches-Granville) au cours de l'année 2005)

CAEN-BU Médecine pharmacie (141182102) / SudocSudocFranceF

Les missions du pharmacien dans la délivrance de la contraception d'urgence sans prescription médicale

ANGERS-BU Médecine-Pharmacie (490072105) / SudocSudocFranceF

Role of packaging in the smorgasbord of action for sustainable food consumption

In a context of food security concerns, reducing huge and worldwide food losses and waste (more than one third of food production) is the priority action to focus on. The paper aims at explaining at which levels packaging could be a key player for sustainable food consumption: (i) by improving food preservation, and therefore reducing food losses, by balancing cold chain issues with modified atmosphere packaging implementation which means to develop food requirements driven approaches to design tailor made packaging, (ii) by reducing the environmental impact of the packaging materials themselves, including wastes management issues, which means developing eco-friendly packaging and (iii) by reaching a compromise to answer the sometimes contradictory concerns of environmental, economical and social sustainability of food, using decision-making tools to select or design optimised food packaging. An example of a current European research project, EcoBioCAP, illustrates how the combination of both specialised and integrated researches makes it possible to improve the overall sustainability of food packaging

Inquilinus limosus, an atypical Gram-negative rod from lung transplant recipients and cystic fibrosis patients

International audienceNo abstract availabl

Water transport mechanisms in wheat gluten based (nano) composite materials

An in depth investigation of water transport mechanisms has been undertaken on extruded wheat gluten (WG)/clay materials, which have been shown to display either a nanocomposite or a microcomposite structure depending on the nature of the nanoclay used (i.e. unmodified sodium montmorillonite (named HPS) or organically modified montmorillonite (Cloisite (R) 30B), respectively). The interplay of two concomitant phenomena has been evidenced: first a plasticization of protein chains by water that favors water diffusivity and, second, a clusterization of water as revealed by the Zimm and Lundberg and Guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer theories leading to a slowdown and finally a decrease in water mobility within the polymer. Comparison between liquid and vapor water diffusivity showed a strong impact of the state of the water phase in contact, the water liquid diffusivity being three fold higher than water vapor diffusivity. This Schroeder's paradox could be related to the microporous structure of the extruded wheat gluten materials in which liquid water moves due to an additional capillary phenomenon resulting in a higher apparent diffusivity. As well predicted by the Bharadwaj's tortuosity-based mathematical model, the achievement of a well-exfoliated structure (as observed in the case of the WG-HPS system) has no effect on water diffusivity, whether the phase in contact is liquid or vapor. On the contrary, such a structure led to a significant reduction of the liquid water uptake that might be ascribed to water hydrogen bondings established between the hydrophilic sites of wheat gluten and the unmodified montmorillonite, in turn reducing their availability for water. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved