7 research outputs found
Prevalencia de Leishmaniosis cut谩nea en la poblaci贸n del cant贸n Las Maderas, municipio y departamento de La Uni贸n. julio 2016
La Leishmaniosis cut谩nea es una enfermedad que produce lesiones 煤nicas o m煤ltiples en la piel caracterizadas por ser redondas, indoloras, de color rosado con halo blanco, bordes definidos, elevadas; esta enfermedad es desatendida, el diagn贸stico requiere conocimiento, habilidad, experiencia y tiempo para desarrollar la t茅cnica. El objetivo de la investigaci贸n fue determinar la prevalencia de Leishmaniosis cut谩nea en la poblaci贸n del Cant贸n Las Maderas, municipio y departamento de La Uni贸n. Metodolog铆a el estudio fue descriptivo, prospectivo, transversal, de campo y de laboratorio, la poblaci贸n estuvo constituida por 81 personas de las cuales 18 presentaron lesiones caracter铆sticas a Leishmaniosis cut谩nea. Se utiliz贸 una gu铆a de observaci贸n como t茅cnica de campo; se realizaron frotis del raspado de la lesi贸n para la b煤squeda del par谩sito en su forma amastigota intra o extracelular, luego se aplic贸 0.1 ml de suspensi贸n de promastigotes fenolizados (Leishmanina) en la cara anterior del antebrazo de cada una de las personas. Resultados: seg煤n las pruebas de laboratorio y su respectivo control de calidad realizado en el Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia, Secci贸n de Chagas- Leishmania-Malaria, de las 18 personas atendidas, el 44.44%(8) presentaron en los frotis la forma amastigota de Leishmania sp. de estos un 27.77 (5) presentaron positividad a la Leishmanina. Del total de la poblaci贸n a la que se le aplic贸 la Intradermorreacci贸n de Montenegro un 50%(9) present贸 positividad. Conclusi贸n: La prevalencia de Leishmaniosis cut谩nea en la poblaci贸n del cant贸n Las Maderas municipio y departamento de La Uni贸n fue de 9.87%. (8 casos positivos de las 81 personas que fueron parte de la poblaci贸n)
Taking the pulse of Earth's tropical forests using networks of highly distributed plots
Tropical forests are the most diverse and productive ecosystems on Earth. While better understanding of these forests is critical for our collective future, until quite recently efforts to measure and monitor them have been largely disconnected. Networking is essential to discover the answers to questions that transcend borders and the horizons of funding agencies. Here we show how a global community is responding to the challenges of tropical ecosystem research with diverse teams measuring forests tree-by-tree in thousands of long-term plots. We review the major scientific discoveries of this work and show how this process is changing tropical forest science. Our core approach involves linking long-term grassroots initiatives with standardized protocols and data management to generate robust scaled-up results. By connecting tropical researchers and elevating their status, our Social Research Network model recognises the key role of the data originator in scientific discovery. Conceived in 1999 with RAINFOR (South America), our permanent plot networks have been adapted to Africa (AfriTRON) and Southeast Asia (T-FORCES) and widely emulated worldwide. Now these multiple initiatives are integrated via ForestPlots.net cyber-infrastructure, linking colleagues from 54 countries across 24 plot networks. Collectively these are transforming understanding of tropical forests and their biospheric role. Together we have discovered how, where and why forest carbon and biodiversity are responding to climate change, and how they feedback on it. This long-term pan-tropical collaboration has revealed a large long-term carbon sink and its trends, as well as making clear which drivers are most important, which forest processes are affected, where they are changing, what the lags are, and the likely future responses of tropical forests as the climate continues to change. By leveraging a remarkably old technology, plot networks are sparking a very modern revolution in tropical forest science. In the future, humanity can benefit greatly by nurturing the grassroots communities now collectively capable of generating unique, long-term understanding of Earth's most precious forests. Resumen: Los bosques tropicales son los ecosistemas m谩s diversos y productivos del mundo y entender su funcionamiento es cr铆tico para nuestro futuro colectivo. Sin embargo, hasta hace muy poco, los esfuerzos para medirlos y monitorearlos han estado muy desconectados. El trabajo en redes es esencial para descubrir las respuestas a preguntas que trascienden las fronteras y los plazos de las agencias de financiamiento. Aqu铆 mostramos c贸mo una comunidad global est谩 respondiendo a los desaf铆os de la investigaci贸n en ecosistemas tropicales a trav茅s de diversos equipos realizando mediciones 谩rbol por 谩rbol en miles de parcelas permanentes de largo plazo. Revisamos los descubrimientos m谩s importantes de este trabajo y discutimos c贸mo este proceso est谩 cambiando la ciencia relacionada a los bosques tropicales. El enfoque central de nuestro esfuerzo implica la conexi贸n de iniciativas locales de largo plazo con protocolos estandarizados y manejo de datos para producir resultados que se puedan trasladar a m煤ltiples escalas. Conectando investigadores tropicales, elevando su posici贸n y estatus, nuestro modelo de Red Social de Investigaci贸n reconoce el rol fundamental que tienen, para el descubrimiento cient铆fico, quienes generan o producen los datos. Concebida en 1999 con RAINFOR (Suram茅rica), nuestras redes de parcelas permanentes han sido adaptadas en 脕frica (AfriTRON) y el sureste asi谩tico (T-FORCES) y ampliamente replicadas en el mundo. Actualmente todas estas iniciativas est谩n integradas a trav茅s de la ciber-infraestructura de ForestPlots.net, conectando colegas de 54 pa铆ses en 24 redes diferentes de parcelas. Colectivamente, estas redes est谩n transformando nuestro conocimiento sobre los bosques tropicales y el rol de 茅stos en la bi贸sfera. Juntos hemos descubierto c贸mo, d贸nde y porqu茅 el carbono y la biodiversidad de los bosques tropicales est谩 respondiendo al cambio clim谩tico y c贸mo se retroalimentan. Esta colaboraci贸n pan-tropical de largo plazo ha expuesto un gran sumidero de carbono y sus tendencias, mostrando claramente cu谩les son los factores m谩s importantes, qu茅 procesos se ven afectados, d贸nde ocurren los cambios, los tiempos de reacci贸n y las probables respuestas futuras mientras el clima contin煤a cambiando. Apalancando lo que realmente es una tecnolog铆a antigua, las redes de parcelas est谩n generando una verdadera y moderna revoluci贸n en la ciencia tropical. En el futuro, la humanidad puede beneficiarse enormemente si se nutren y cultivan comunidades de investigadores de base, actualmente con la capacidad de generar informaci贸n 煤nica y de largo plazo para entender los que probablemente son los bosques m谩s preciados de la tierra. Resumo: Florestas tropicais s茫o os ecossistemas mais diversos e produtivos da Terra. Embora uma boa compreens茫o destas florestas seja crucial para o nosso futuro coletivo, at茅 muito recentemente os esfor莽os de medi莽玫es e monitoramento tem sido amplamente desconexos. 脡 essencial formarmos redes para obtermos respostas que transcendam as fronteiras e horizontes das ag锚ncias financiadoras. Neste estudo n贸s mostramos como uma comunidade global est谩 respondendo aos desafios da pesquisa de ecossistemas tropicais, com equipes diversas medindo florestas, 谩rvore por 谩rvore, em milhares de parcelas monitoradas a longo prazo. N贸s revisamos as maiores descobertas cient铆ficas deste esfor莽o global, e mostramos tamb茅m como este processo vem mudando a ci锚ncia de florestas tropicais. Nossa abordagem principal envolve unir iniciativas de base a protocolos padronizados e gerenciamento de dados a fim de gerar resultados robustos em grandes escalas. Ao conectar pesquisadores tropicais e elevar seus status, nosso modelo de Rede de Pesquisa Social reconhece o papel chave do produtor dos dados na descoberta cient铆fica. Concebida em 1999 com o RAINFOR (Am茅rica do Sul), nossa rede de parcelas permanentes foi adaptada para 脕frica (AfriTRON) e Sudeste Asi谩tico (T-FORCES), e tem sido extensamente reproduzida em todo o mundo. Agora estas m煤ltiplas iniciativas est茫o integradas atrav茅s da infraestrutura cibern茅tica do ForestPlots.net, conectando colegas de 54 pa铆ses e 24 redes de parcelas. Estas iniciativas est茫o transformando coletivamente o entendimento das florestas tropicais e seus pap茅is na biosfera. Juntos n贸s descobrimos como, onde e por que o carbono e a biodiversidade da floresta est茫o respondendo 脿s mudan莽as clim谩ticas, e seus efeitos de retroalimenta莽茫o. Esta duradoura colabora莽茫o pantropical revelou um grande sumidouro de carbono persistente e suas tend锚ncias, assim como tem evidenciado quais os fatores que influenciam essas tend锚ncias, quais processos florestais s茫o mais afetados, onde eles est茫o mudando, seus atrasos no tempo de resposta, e as prov谩veis respostas das florestas tropicais conforme o clima continua a mudar. Dessa forma, aproveitando uma not谩vel tecnologia antiga, redes de parcelas acendem as fa铆scas de uma moderna revolu莽茫o na ci锚ncia das florestas tropicais. No futuro a humanidade pode se beneficiar incentivando estas comunidades locais que agora s茫o coletivamente capazes de gerar conhecimentos 煤nicos e duradouros sobre as florestas mais preciosas da Terra. R茅sume: Les for锚ts tropicales sont les 茅cosyst猫mes les plus diversifi茅s et les plus productifs de la plan猫te. Si une meilleure compr茅hension de ces for锚ts est essentielle pour notre avenir collectif, jusqu'脿 tout r茅cemment, les efforts d茅ploy茅s pour les mesurer et les surveiller ont 茅t茅 largement d茅connect茅s. La mise en r茅seau est essentielle pour d茅couvrir les r茅ponses 脿 des questions qui d茅passent les fronti猫res et les horizons des organismes de financement. Nous montrons ici comment une communaut茅 mondiale rel猫ve les d茅fis de la recherche sur les 茅cosyst猫mes tropicaux avec diverses 茅quipes qui mesurent les for锚ts arbre apr猫s arbre dans de milliers de parcelles permanentes. Nous passons en revue les principales d茅couvertes scientifiques de ces travaux et montrons comment ce processus modifie la science des for锚ts tropicales. Notre approche principale consiste 脿 relier les initiatives de base 脿 long terme 脿 des protocoles standardis茅s et une gestion de donn茅es afin de g茅n茅rer des r茅sultats solides 脿 grande 茅chelle. En reliant les chercheurs tropicaux et en 茅levant leur statut, notre mod猫le de r茅seau de recherche sociale reconna卯t le r么le cl茅 de l'auteur des donn茅es dans la d茅couverte scientifique. Con莽us en 1999 avec RAINFOR (Am茅rique du Sud), nos r茅seaux de parcelles permanentes ont 茅t茅 adapt茅s 脿 l'Afrique (AfriTRON) et 脿 l'Asie du Sud-Est (T-FORCES) et largement imit茅s dans le monde entier. Ces multiples initiatives sont d茅sormais int茅gr茅es via l'infrastructure ForestPlots.net, qui relie des coll猫gues de 54 pays 脿 travers 24 r茅seaux de parcelles. Ensemble, elles transforment la compr茅hension des for锚ts tropicales et de leur r么le biosph茅rique. Ensemble, nous avons d茅couvert comment, o霉 et pourquoi le carbone forestier et la biodiversit茅 r茅agissent au changement climatique, et comment ils y r茅agissent. Cette collaboration pan-tropicale 脿 long terme a r茅v茅l茅 un important puits de carbone 脿 long terme et ses tendances, tout en mettant en 茅vidence les facteurs les plus importants, les processus forestiers qui sont affect茅s, les endroits o霉 ils changent, les d茅calages et les r茅actions futures probables des for锚ts tropicales 脿 mesure que le climat continue de changer. En tirant parti d'une technologie remarquablement ancienne, les r茅seaux de parcelles d茅clenchent une r茅volution tr猫s moderne dans la science des for锚ts tropicales. 脌 l'avenir, l'humanit茅 pourra grandement b茅n茅ficier du soutien des communaut茅s de base qui sont maintenant collectivement capables de g茅n茅rer une compr茅hension unique et 脿 long terme des for锚ts les plus pr茅cieuses de la Terre. Abstrak: Hutan tropika adalah di antara ekosistem yang paling produktif dan mempunyai kepelbagaian biodiversiti yang tinggi di seluruh dunia. Walaupun pemahaman mengenai hutan tropika amat penting untuk masa depan kita, usaha-usaha untuk mengkaji dan mengawas hutah-hutan tersebut baru sekarang menjadi lebih diperhubungkan. Perangkaian adalah sangat penting untuk mencari jawapan kepada soalan-soalan yang menjangkaui sempadan dan batasan agensi pendanaan. Di sini kami menunjukkan bagaimana sebuah komuniti global bertindak balas terhadap cabaran penyelidikan ekosistem tropika melalui penglibatan pelbagai kumpulan yang mengukur hutan secara pokok demi pokok dalam beribu-ribu plot jangka panjang. Kami meninjau semula penemuan saintifik utama daripada kerja ini dan menunjukkan bagaimana proses ini sedang mengubah bidang sains hutan tropika. Teras pendekatan kami memberi tumpuan terhadap penghubungan inisiatif akar umbi jangka panjang dengan protokol standar serta pengurusan data untuk mendapatkan hasil skala besar yang kukuh. Dengan menghubungkan penyelidik-penyelidik tropika dan meningkatkan status mereka, model Rangkaian Penyelidikan Sosial kami mengiktiraf kepentingan peranan pengasas data dalam penemuan saintifik. Bermula dengan pengasasan RAINFOR (Amerika Selatan) pada tahun 1999, rangkaian-rangkaian plot kekal kami kemudian disesuaikan untuk Afrika (AfriTRON) dan Asia Tenggara (T-FORCES) dan selanjutnya telah banyak dicontohi di seluruh dunia. Kini, inisiatif-inisiatif tersebut disepadukan melalui infrastruktur siber ForestPlots.net yang menghubungkan rakan sekerja dari 54 negara di 24 buah rangkaian plot. Secara kolektif, rangkaian ini sedang mengubah pemahaman tentang hutan tropika dan peranannya dalam biosfera. Kami telah bekerjasama untuk menemukan bagaimana, di mana dan mengapa karbon serta biodiversiti hutan bertindak balas terhadap perubahan iklim dan juga bagaimana mereka saling bermaklum balas. Kolaborasi pan-tropika jangka panjang ini telah mendedahkan sebuah sinki karbon jangka panjang serta arah alirannya dan juga menjelaskan pemandu-pemandu perubahan yang terpenting, di mana dan bagaimana proses hutan terjejas, masa susul yang ada dan kemungkinan tindakbalas hutan tropika pada perubahan iklim secara berterusan di masa depan. Dengan memanfaatkan pendekatan lama, rangkaian plot sedang menyalakan revolusi yang amat moden dalam sains hutan tropika. Pada masa akan datang, manusia sejagat akan banyak mendapat manfaat jika memupuk komuniti-komuniti akar umbi yang kini berkemampuan secara kolektif menghasilkan pemahaman unik dan jangka panjang mengenai hutan-hutan yang paling berharga di dunia
Taking the pulse of Earth's tropical forests using networks of highly distributed plots
Tropical forests are the most diverse and productive ecosystems on Earth. While better understanding of these forests is critical for our collective future, until quite recently efforts to measure and monitor them have been largely disconnected. Networking is essential to discover the answers to questions that transcend borders and the horizons of funding agencies. Here we show how a global community is responding to the challenges of tropical ecosystem research with diverse teams measuring forests tree-by-tree in thousands of long-term plots. We review the major scientific discoveries of this work and show how this process is changing tropical forest science. Our core approach involves linking long-term grassroots initiatives with standardized protocols and data management to generate robust scaled-up results. By connecting tropical researchers and elevating their status, our Social Research Network model recognises the key role of the data originator in scientific discovery. Conceived in 1999 with RAINFOR (South America), our permanent plot networks have been adapted to Africa (AfriTRON) and Southeast Asia (T-FORCES) and widely emulated worldwide. Now these multiple initiatives are integrated via ForestPlots.net cyber-infrastructure, linking colleagues from 54 countries across 24 plot networks. Collectively these are transforming understanding of tropical forests and their biospheric role. Together we have discovered how, where and why forest carbon and biodiversity are responding to climate change, and how they feedback on it. This long-term pan-tropical collaboration has revealed a large long-term carbon sink and its trends, as well as making clear which drivers are most important, which forest processes are affected, where they are changing, what the lags are, and the likely future responses of tropical forests as the climate continues to change. By leveraging a remarkably old technology, plot networks are sparking a very modern revolution in tropical forest science. In the future, humanity can benefit greatly by nurturing the grassroots communities now collectively capable of generating unique, long-term understanding of Earth's most precious forests. Resumen: Los bosques tropicales son los ecosistemas m谩s diversos y productivos del mundo y entender su funcionamiento es cr铆tico para nuestro futuro colectivo. Sin embargo, hasta hace muy poco, los esfuerzos para medirlos y monitorearlos han estado muy desconectados. El trabajo en redes es esencial para descubrir las respuestas a preguntas que trascienden las fronteras y los plazos de las agencias de financiamiento. Aqu铆 mostramos c贸mo una comunidad global est谩 respondiendo a los desaf铆os de la investigaci贸n en ecosistemas tropicales a trav茅s de diversos equipos realizando mediciones 谩rbol por 谩rbol en miles de parcelas permanentes de largo plazo. Revisamos los descubrimientos m谩s importantes de este trabajo y discutimos c贸mo este proceso est谩 cambiando la ciencia relacionada a los bosques tropicales. El enfoque central de nuestro esfuerzo implica la conexi贸n de iniciativas locales de largo plazo con protocolos estandarizados y manejo de datos para producir resultados que se puedan trasladar a m煤ltiples escalas. Conectando investigadores tropicales, elevando su posici贸n y estatus, nuestro modelo de Red Social de Investigaci贸n reconoce el rol fundamental que tienen, para el descubrimiento cient铆fico, quienes generan o producen los datos. Concebida en 1999 con RAINFOR (Suram茅rica), nuestras redes de parcelas permanentes han sido adaptadas en 脕frica (AfriTRON) y el sureste asi谩tico (T-FORCES) y ampliamente replicadas en el mundo. Actualmente todas estas iniciativas est谩n integradas a trav茅s de la ciber-infraestructura de ForestPlots.net, conectando colegas de 54 pa铆ses en 24 redes diferentes de parcelas. Colectivamente, estas redes est谩n transformando nuestro conocimiento sobre los bosques tropicales y el rol de 茅stos en la bi贸sfera. Juntos hemos descubierto c贸mo, d贸nde y porqu茅 el carbono y la biodiversidad de los bosques tropicales est谩 respondiendo al cambio clim谩tico y c贸mo se retroalimentan. Esta colaboraci贸n pan-tropical de largo plazo ha expuesto un gran sumidero de carbono y sus tendencias, mostrando claramente cu谩les son los factores m谩s importantes, qu茅 procesos se ven afectados, d贸nde ocurren los cambios, los tiempos de reacci贸n y las probables respuestas futuras mientras el clima contin煤a cambiando. Apalancando lo que realmente es una tecnolog铆a antigua, las redes de parcelas est谩n generando una verdadera y moderna revoluci贸n en la ciencia tropical. En el futuro, la humanidad puede beneficiarse enormemente si se nutren y cultivan comunidades de investigadores de base, actualmente con la capacidad de generar informaci贸n 煤nica y de largo plazo para entender los que probablemente son los bosques m谩s preciados de la tierra. Resumo: Florestas tropicais s茫o os ecossistemas mais diversos e produtivos da Terra. Embora uma boa compreens茫o destas florestas seja crucial para o nosso futuro coletivo, at茅 muito recentemente os esfor莽os de medi莽玫es e monitoramento tem sido amplamente desconexos. 脡 essencial formarmos redes para obtermos respostas que transcendam as fronteiras e horizontes das ag锚ncias financiadoras. Neste estudo n贸s mostramos como uma comunidade global est谩 respondendo aos desafios da pesquisa de ecossistemas tropicais, com equipes diversas medindo florestas, 谩rvore por 谩rvore, em milhares de parcelas monitoradas a longo prazo. N贸s revisamos as maiores descobertas cient铆ficas deste esfor莽o global, e mostramos tamb茅m como este processo vem mudando a ci锚ncia de florestas tropicais. Nossa abordagem principal envolve unir iniciativas de base a protocolos padronizados e gerenciamento de dados a fim de gerar resultados robustos em grandes escalas. Ao conectar pesquisadores tropicais e elevar seus status, nosso modelo de Rede de Pesquisa Social reconhece o papel chave do produtor dos dados na descoberta cient铆fica. Concebida em 1999 com o RAINFOR (Am茅rica do Sul), nossa rede de parcelas permanentes foi adaptada para 脕frica (AfriTRON) e Sudeste Asi谩tico (T-FORCES), e tem sido extensamente reproduzida em todo o mundo. Agora estas m煤ltiplas iniciativas est茫o integradas atrav茅s da infraestrutura cibern茅tica do ForestPlots.net, conectando colegas de 54 pa铆ses e 24 redes de parcelas. Estas iniciativas est茫o transformando coletivamente o entendimento das florestas tropicais e seus pap茅is na biosfera. Juntos n贸s descobrimos como, onde e por que o carbono e a biodiversidade da floresta est茫o respondendo 脿s mudan莽as clim谩ticas, e seus efeitos de retroalimenta莽茫o. Esta duradoura colabora莽茫o pantropical revelou um grande sumidouro de carbono persistente e suas tend锚ncias, assim como tem evidenciado quais os fatores que influenciam essas tend锚ncias, quais processos florestais s茫o mais afetados, onde eles est茫o mudando, seus atrasos no tempo de resposta, e as prov谩veis respostas das florestas tropicais conforme o clima continua a mudar. Dessa forma, aproveitando uma not谩vel tecnologia antiga, redes de parcelas acendem as fa铆scas de uma moderna revolu莽茫o na ci锚ncia das florestas tropicais. No futuro a humanidade pode se beneficiar incentivando estas comunidades locais que agora s茫o coletivamente capazes de gerar conhecimentos 煤nicos e duradouros sobre as florestas mais preciosas da Terra. R茅sume: Les for锚ts tropicales sont les 茅cosyst猫mes les plus diversifi茅s et les plus productifs de la plan猫te. Si une meilleure compr茅hension de ces for锚ts est essentielle pour notre avenir collectif, jusqu'脿 tout r茅cemment, les efforts d茅ploy茅s pour les mesurer et les surveiller ont 茅t茅 largement d茅connect茅s. La mise en r茅seau est essentielle pour d茅couvrir les r茅ponses 脿 des questions qui d茅passent les fronti猫res et les horizons des organismes de financement. Nous montrons ici comment une communaut茅 mondiale rel猫ve les d茅fis de la recherche sur les 茅cosyst猫mes tropicaux avec diverses 茅quipes qui mesurent les for锚ts arbre apr猫s arbre dans de milliers de parcelles permanentes. Nous passons en revue les principales d茅couvertes scientifiques de ces travaux et montrons comment ce processus modifie la science des for锚ts tropicales. Notre approche principale consiste 脿 relier les initiatives de base 脿 long terme 脿 des protocoles standardis茅s et une gestion de donn茅es afin de g茅n茅rer des r茅sultats solides 脿 grande 茅chelle. En reliant les chercheurs tropicaux et en 茅levant leur statut, notre mod猫le de r茅seau de recherche sociale reconna卯t le r么le cl茅 de l'auteur des donn茅es dans la d茅couverte scientifique. Con莽us en 1999 avec RAINFOR (Am茅rique du Sud), nos r茅seaux de parcelles permanentes ont 茅t茅 adapt茅s 脿 l'Afrique (AfriTRON) et 脿 l'Asie du Sud-Est (T-FORCES) et largement imit茅s dans le monde entier. Ces multiples initiatives sont d茅sormais int茅gr茅es via l'infrastructure ForestPlots.net, qui relie des coll猫gues de 54 pays 脿 travers 24 r茅seaux de parcelles. Ensemble, elles transforment la compr茅hension des for锚ts tropicales et de leur r么le biosph茅rique. Ensemble, nous avons d茅couvert comment, o霉 et pourquoi le carbone forestier et la biodiversit茅 r茅agissent au changement climatique, et comment ils y r茅agissent. Cette collaboration pan-tropicale 脿 long terme a r茅v茅l茅 un important puits de carbone 脿 long terme et ses tendances, tout en mettant en 茅vidence les facteurs les plus importants, les processus forestiers qui sont affect茅s, les endroits o霉 ils changent, les d茅calages et les r茅actions futures probables des for锚ts tropicales 脿 mesure que le climat continue de changer. En tirant parti d'une technologie remarquablement ancienne, les r茅seaux de parcelles d茅clenchent une r茅volution tr猫s moderne dans la science des for锚ts tropicales. 脌 l'avenir, l'humanit茅 pourra grandement b茅n茅ficier du soutien des communaut茅s de base qui sont maintenant collectivement capables de g茅n茅rer une compr茅hension unique et 脿 long terme des for锚ts les plus pr茅cieuses de la Terre. Abstrak: Hutan tropika adalah di antara ekosistem yang paling produktif dan mempunyai kepelbagaian biodiversiti yang tinggi di seluruh dunia. Walaupun pemahaman mengenai hutan tropika amat penting untuk masa depan kita, usaha-usaha untuk mengkaji dan mengawas hutah-hutan tersebut baru sekarang menjadi lebih diperhubungkan. Perangkaian adalah sangat penting untuk mencari jawapan kepada soalan-soalan yang menjangkaui sempadan dan batasan agensi pendanaan. Di sini kami menunjukkan bagaimana sebuah komuniti global bertindak balas terhadap cabaran penyelidikan ekosistem tropika melalui penglibatan pelbagai kumpulan yang mengukur hutan secara pokok demi pokok dalam beribu-ribu plot jangka panjang. Kami meninjau semula penemuan saintifik utama daripada kerja ini dan menunjukkan bagaimana proses ini sedang mengubah bidang sains hutan tropika. Teras pendekatan kami memberi tumpuan terhadap penghubungan inisiatif akar umbi jangka panjang dengan protokol standar serta pengurusan data untuk mendapatkan hasil skala besar yang kukuh. Dengan menghubungkan penyelidik-penyelidik tropika dan meningkatkan status mereka, model Rangkaian Penyelidikan Sosial kami mengiktiraf kepentingan peranan pengasas data dalam penemuan saintifik. Bermula dengan pengasasan RAINFOR (Amerika Selatan) pada tahun 1999, rangkaian-rangkaian plot kekal kami kemudian disesuaikan untuk Afrika (AfriTRON) dan Asia Tenggara (T-FORCES) dan selanjutnya telah banyak dicontohi di seluruh dunia. Kini, inisiatif-inisiatif tersebut disepadukan melalui infrastruktur siber ForestPlots.net yang menghubungkan rakan sekerja dari 54 negara di 24 buah rangkaian plot. Secara kolektif, rangkaian ini sedang mengubah pemahaman tentang hutan tropika dan peranannya dalam biosfera. Kami telah bekerjasama untuk menemukan bagaimana, di mana dan mengapa karbon serta biodiversiti hutan bertindak balas terhadap perubahan iklim dan juga bagaimana mereka saling bermaklum balas. Kolaborasi pan-tropika jangka panjang ini telah mendedahkan sebuah sinki karbon jangka panjang serta arah alirannya dan juga menjelaskan pemandu-pemandu perubahan yang terpenting, di mana dan bagaimana proses hutan terjejas, masa susul yang ada dan kemungkinan tindakbalas hutan tropika pada perubahan iklim secara berterusan di masa depan. Dengan memanfaatkan pendekatan lama, rangkaian plot sedang menyalakan revolusi yang amat moden dalam sains hutan tropika. Pada masa akan datang, manusia sejagat akan banyak mendapat manfaat jika memupuk komuniti-komuniti akar umbi yang kini berkemampuan secara kolektif menghasilkan pemahaman unik dan jangka panjang mengenai hutan-hutan yang paling berharga di dunia
Taking the pulse of Earth\u27s tropical forests using networks of highly distributed plots
Tropical forests are the most diverse and productive ecosystems on Earth. While better understanding of these forests is critical for our collective future, until quite recently efforts to measure and monitor them have been largely disconnected. Networking is essential to discover the answers to questions that transcend borders and the horizons of funding agencies. Here we show how a global community is responding to the challenges of tropical ecosystem research with diverse teams measuring forests tree-by-tree in thousands of long-term plots. We review the major scientific discoveries of this work and show how this process is changing tropical forest science. Our core approach involves linking long-term grassroots initiatives with standardized protocols and data management to generate robust scaled-up results. By connecting tropical researchers and elevating their status, our Social Research Network model recognises the key role of the data originator in scientific discovery. Conceived in 1999 with RAINFOR (South America), our permanent plot networks have been adapted to Africa (AfriTRON) and Southeast Asia (T-FORCES) and widely emulated worldwide. Now these multiple initiatives are integrated via ForestPlots.net cyber-infrastructure, linking colleagues from 54 countries across 24 plot networks. Collectively these are transforming understanding of tropical forests and their biospheric role. Together we have discovered how, where and why forest carbon and biodiversity are responding to climate change, and how they feedback on it. This long-term pan-tropical collaboration has revealed a large long-term carbon sink and its trends, as well as making clear which drivers are most important, which forest processes are affected, where they are changing, what the lags are, and the likely future responses of tropical forests as the climate continues to change. By leveraging a remarkably old technology, plot networks are sparking a very modern revolution in tropical forest science. In the future, humanity can benefit greatly by nurturing the grassroots communities now collectively capable of generating unique, long-term understanding of Earth\u27s most precious forests
Taking the pulse of Earth's tropical forests using networks of highly distributed plots
Tropical forests are the most diverse and productive ecosystems on Earth. While better understanding of these forests is critical for our collective future, until quite recently efforts to measure and monitor them have been largely disconnected. Networking is essential to discover the answers to questions that transcend borders and the horizons of funding agencies. Here we show how a global community is responding to the challenges of tropical ecosystem research with diverse teams measuring forests tree-by-tree in thousands of long-term plots. We review the major scientific discoveries of this work and show how this process is changing tropical forest science. Our core approach involves linking long-term grassroots initiatives with standardized protocols and data management to generate robust scaled-up results. By connecting tropical researchers and elevating their status, our Social Research Network model recognises the key role of the data originator in scientific discovery. Conceived in 1999 with RAINFOR (South America), our permanent plot networks have been adapted to Africa (AfriTRON) and Southeast Asia (T-FORCES) and widely emulated worldwide. Now these multiple initiatives are integrated via ForestPlots.net cyber-infrastructure, linking colleagues from 54 countries across 24 plot networks. Collectively these are transforming understanding of tropical forests and their biospheric role. Together we have discovered how, where and why forest carbon and biodiversity are responding to climate change, and how they feedback on it. This long-term pan-tropical collaboration has revealed a large long-term carbon sink and its trends, as well as making clear which drivers are most important, which forest processes are affected, where they are changing, what the lags are, and the likely future responses of tropical forests as the climate continues to change. By leveraging a remarkably old technology, plot networks are sparking a very modern revolution in tropical forest science. In the future, humanity can benefit greatly by nurturing the grassroots communities now collectively capable of generating unique, long-term understanding of Earth's most precious forests
Global economic burden of unmet surgical need for appendicitis
Background There is a substantial gap in provision of adequate surgical care in many low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify the economic burden of unmet surgical need for the common condition of appendicitis. Methods Data on the incidence of appendicitis from 170 countries and two different approaches were used to estimate numbers of patients who do not receive surgery: as a fixed proportion of the total unmet surgical need per country (approach 1); and based on country income status (approach 2). Indirect costs with current levels of access and local quality, and those if quality were at the standards of high-income countries, were estimated. A human capital approach was applied, focusing on the economic burden resulting from premature death and absenteeism. Results Excess mortality was 4185 per 100 000 cases of appendicitis using approach 1 and 3448 per 100 000 using approach 2. The economic burden of continuing current levels of access and local quality was US 73 141 million using approach 2. The economic burden of not providing surgical care to the standards of high-income countries was 75 666 million using approach 2. The largest share of these costs resulted from premature death (97.7 per cent) and lack of access (97.0 per cent) in contrast to lack of quality. Conclusion For a comparatively non-complex emergency condition such as appendicitis, increasing access to care should be prioritized. Although improving quality of care should not be neglected, increasing provision of care at current standards could reduce societal costs substantially
Global economic burden of unmet surgical need for appendicitis
Background There is a substantial gap in provision of adequate surgical care in many low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify the economic burden of unmet surgical need for the common condition of appendicitis. Methods Data on the incidence of appendicitis from 170 countries and two different approaches were used to estimate numbers of patients who do not receive surgery: as a fixed proportion of the total unmet surgical need per country (approach 1); and based on country income status (approach 2). Indirect costs with current levels of access and local quality, and those if quality were at the standards of high-income countries, were estimated. A human capital approach was applied, focusing on the economic burden resulting from premature death and absenteeism. Results Excess mortality was 4185 per 100 000 cases of appendicitis using approach 1 and 3448 per 100 000 using approach 2. The economic burden of continuing current levels of access and local quality was US 73 141 million using approach 2. The economic burden of not providing surgical care to the standards of high-income countries was 75 666 million using approach 2. The largest share of these costs resulted from premature death (97.7 per cent) and lack of access (97.0 per cent) in contrast to lack of quality. Conclusion For a comparatively non-complex emergency condition such as appendicitis, increasing access to care should be prioritized. Although improving quality of care should not be neglected, increasing provision of care at current standards could reduce societal costs substantially