Literacies and racial ideology: a black Colombian young male's learning and participation in an urban school

This is a qualitative case study of the relationships between literacy and racial ideology in Surgir, a school in the city of Cali, Colombia. This study focuses on Yeison Daniel, a black Colombian young male’s learning and participation in the school and in the classroom. His learning and participation are framed within his views on literacy as tied to racial struggles. Informants in this case study involve Yeison Daniel’s aunt and grandmother, Surgir’s academic coordinators, fifth grade teachers and students, the librarian, and the principal. Data was documented in fieldnotes, through participant observations, interviews, conversations (face-to-face and virtual), artifacts, literacy pieces, screenshots, digital files, websites, and documents in the (a) fifth grade classroom, (b) the school space (offices, cafeteria, hallways, play zones, coliseum, library, teachers’ lounge, and rooms), and (c) Yeison Daniel's home. Findings showed that Yeison Daniel's views on literacy are linked to learning, participation, and racial identity. His views on literacy in the home setting represent a way to foster his racial identity as a black young male living-in-the-city who likes English, urban dance, and hip hop music. In the home setting, Yeison Daniel's literacies are used to convey a particular style and they are characterized by the use of Internet platforms like Instagram, Facebook, Google Translate, and Youtube. He understands literacies as ways of learning how to foster a black-living-in-the-city-identity, and learning as doing and participating. In the school, literacies work as a tool for institutionalizing and contesting the school’s racial ideology shown through the mestizaje racial frame. The mestizaje racial frame involves ideas about black people being rural, about ethnicity –not race– as the criteria for categorizing groups, and about a mestizo national identity that rejects blacks and indigenous peoples. This frame is institutionalized through the school official literacies. The mestizaje racial frame and the literacies it uses were analyzed in a school event called the Ethnic Week. The mestizaje racial frame is also contested through literacies. These literacies, likewise Yeison Daniel’s, are inextricably tied to identity, learning and racial struggles. In the classroom, literacy and racial ideology were institutionalized and contested in a different way. This was because the fifth grade teacher in Yeison Daniel’s classroom is a black male who moved between having to teach content tied to the mestizaje racial frame and its literacies, and contesting it. In the school, Yeison Daniel's views on literacy impact his learning and participation while hindering his academic standing. In the general school setting Yeison Daniel contests the mestizaje racial frame and its literacies with his opinions and non-participation in the Ethnic Week's activities that promoted the school racial ideology. In the classroom, his participation relates to instances of contestation that range from non-participation to peripheral legitimate participation, depending on the events' racial ideology weight. For Yeison Daniel, contestation is a peripheral legitimate participation in the community of black-people-living-in-the-city, and for the school, contestation are discipline misbehaviors. Findings suggest that relationships between literacy and race in the school range from using literacy for institutionalizing the school’s racial ideology, to using literacy for contesting it. The characteristics of the literacies used for institutionalization correspond with what I call Racialized Literacies of Domination (RLD) that are presented as generic, official, and as having an intrinsic value for all people to move forward. The characteristics of the literacies used for contestation correspond with what I call Racialized Literacies of Struggle (RLS) that are alternative, organic, varied, and tied to identities of racial struggle. The tensions of practicing these literacies represent tensions between structure and agency in the school. This study calls for reflection on the important role the Colombian government places on official literacy and education for improving the living conditions of the black population living in poverty. This study highlights that understanding the role of literacy in the education of black students is much more complex than just increasing literacy rates. Due to the racialized character of literacies, understanding the role of literacy in the education of black children must be carefully reflected on as tensions between structure and agency, instead of seeing literacy as the salvation for all black students. Future research must include the analysis of literacies in light of practices of contestation, intersectionality, the role of the home setting for nesting identities of struggle, mestizos’ racial enactment in educational settings, and institutional racial ideologies

Discapacidad, conflicto armado y construcción de paz

ilustrciones, fotografíasEn la Maestría de Discapacidad e Inclusión Social desde el 2013 se ha convocado a autoras y autores a participar con sus escritos en la reflexión sobre temáticas relevantes. Entretejiendo sus aportes, se han construido hasta el momento seis publicaciones de la Serie Temática que versan sobre asuntos como discapacidad e inclusión (n.º 1, 2013), discapacidad y política (n.º 2, 2013), diversas maneras de escribir acerca de los procesos investigativos vividos (n.º 3, 2016), atajos para comunicar los atajos de la investigación (n.º 4, 2016), encuentros pedagógicos desde la experiencia universitaria (n.º 5, 2017) y en la denuncia de una visualidad hegemónica (n.º 6, 2017). La actual Serie Temática número 7, Discapacidad, conflicto armado y construcción de paz, surge como respuesta a la invitación de la Comisión para el Esclarecimiento de la Verdad, la Convivencia y la No Repetición, a través de su Mesa de Curso de Vida y Discapacidad, para aportar en el cumplimiento de su mandato. Cabe recordar que la Comisión de la Verdad forma parte del Sistema Integral de Verdad, Justicia, Reparación y No Repetición creado a partir del Acuerdo Final para la Terminación del Conflicto y la Construcción de una Paz Estable y Duradera, que firmaron el Gobierno colombiano y las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia - Ejército del Pueblo (farc-ep) en noviembre de 2016, transcurridos más de 50 años desde el levantamiento armado de esta guerrilla

Evolution over Time of Ventilatory Management and Outcome of Patients with Neurologic Disease∗

OBJECTIVES: To describe the changes in ventilator management over time in patients with neurologic disease at ICU admission and to estimate factors associated with 28-day hospital mortality. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of three prospective, observational, multicenter studies. SETTING: Cohort studies conducted in 2004, 2010, and 2016. PATIENTS: Adult patients who received mechanical ventilation for more than 12 hours. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Among the 20,929 patients enrolled, we included 4,152 (20%) mechanically ventilated patients due to different neurologic diseases. Hemorrhagic stroke and brain trauma were the most common pathologies associated with the need for mechanical ventilation. Although volume-cycled ventilation remained the preferred ventilation mode, there was a significant (p < 0.001) increment in the use of pressure support ventilation. The proportion of patients receiving a protective lung ventilation strategy was increased over time: 47% in 2004, 63% in 2010, and 65% in 2016 (p < 0.001), as well as the duration of protective ventilation strategies: 406 days per 1,000 mechanical ventilation days in 2004, 523 days per 1,000 mechanical ventilation days in 2010, and 585 days per 1,000 mechanical ventilation days in 2016 (p < 0.001). There were no differences in the length of stay in the ICU, mortality in the ICU, and mortality in hospital from 2004 to 2016. Independent risk factors for 28-day mortality were age greater than 75 years, Simplified Acute Physiology Score II greater than 50, the occurrence of organ dysfunction within first 48 hours after brain injury, and specific neurologic diseases such as hemorrhagic stroke, ischemic stroke, and brain trauma. CONCLUSIONS: More lung-protective ventilatory strategies have been implemented over years in neurologic patients with no effect on pulmonary complications or on survival. We found several prognostic factors on mortality such as advanced age, the severity of the disease, organ dysfunctions, and the etiology of neurologic disease

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field