Institutional conditions and social innovations in emerging economies: insights from Mexican enterprises’ initiatives for protecting/preventing the effect of violent events

Latin-American countries are characterised by societal problems like violence, crime, corruption, the informality that influence any entrepreneurial activity developed by individuals/organisations. Social innovations literature confront “wicked problems” with strong interdependencies among different systems/actors. Yet, little is known about how firms use innovation to hedge against economic, political or societal uncertainties (i.e., violence, social movements, democratisation, pandemic). By translating social innovation and institutional theory approaches, this study analyses the influence of formal institutions (government programs and actions) and informal institutions (corruption, extortion and informal trade) on the development/implementation of enterprises’ technological initiatives for protecting/preventing of victimisation. By using data from 5525 establishments interviewed in the 2012/2014 National Victimisation Survey of the Mexican National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI), our findings shows that formal conditions (government programs) and informal conditions (corruption, extortion and informal trade) are associated with an increment in the number of enterprises’ social innovations. Our findings also contribute to the debate about institutional conditions, social innovations, and the role of ecosystems’ actors in developing economies. A provoking discussion and implications for researchers, managers and policymakers emerge from this study

Entrepreneurial university ecosystems and graduates' career patterns: do entrepreneurship education programmes and university business incubators matter?

Purpose This paper provides insights about how graduates' career patterns (i.e. academic entrepreneur, self-employed or paid employed) are influenced by entrepreneurial university ecosystems (i.e. incubators and entrepreneurship education programs). Design/methodology/approach By adopting Douglas and Shepherd's utility-maximising function, the influence of one entrepreneurial university ecosystem on graduates' career choices was tested using a sample of 11,512 graduates from the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education (ITESM) in Mexico. Findings Our results show the critical role of entrepreneurial universities ecosystems in facilitating employability options as academic entrepreneurship for ITESM's graduates. The study shows some insights about how graduates' risk aversion and work effort are positively influenced by the university business incubator and entrepreneurship education programs, respectively. Practical implications Diverse implications for stakeholders have emerged from our results. These implications are associated with potential benefits of implementing programmes oriented to engage academic entrepreneurship within Latin American universities. Originality/value Entrepreneurial universities provide a range of employability alternatives for their students, such as to be self-employed, academic entrepreneurs or paid employees. In this scenario, entrepreneurial universities have configured entrepreneurial ecosystems (educational programmes, business incubators and other infrastructures) to support potential entrepreneurs (students, academics, staff and alumni). Despite the relevance of the environmental conditions on individuals' occupational choices, few studies have explored the role of the entrepreneurial university ecosystems on graduates' employability. In this vein, our study contributes to some academic discussions: (1) the role of context on career choice models (Ilouga et al., 2014; Sieger and Monsen, 2015), (2) the role of incubators and entrepreneurship education on fostering academic entrepreneurship on the graduates' community (Nabi et al., 2017; Good et al., 2019; Guerrero and Urbano, 2019a) and (3) the effectiveness of the entrepreneurial university ecosystems on graduates' employability (Herrera et al., 2018; Wright et al., 2017)

Do employees’ generational cohorts influence corporate venturing? A multilevel analysis

Organizations are facing an interesting phenomenon in the composition of theirworkforce: the concurrence of multiple age generations that demand suitablestrategies regarding work design, job satisfaction, and incentives. Ongoingentrepreneurship and strategic management debates require a betterunderstanding of the relationship between workplace generational cohorts’configurations and organizational performance. We propose a conceptual modelfor understanding how a diversified workforce influences some determinants(i.e., employees’ human capital and attitudes, organizational climate, andenvironmental conditions) of entrepreneurial organizations’ outcomes (i.e.,corporate venturing). Our framework offers insights into corporate venturingdeterminants for three generational cohorts: Baby Boomers, Generation X, andGeneration Y. Using a sample of 20,256 employees across 28 countries, ourfindings lend support to the positive effect of individual and organizationaldeterminants on corporate venturing, as well as how these effects are reinforcedper generational cohort. Specifically, our results show that younger generations(millennials) have more propensity to be involved in corporate venturingactivities. This study also contributes to thought-provoking implications forentrepreneurial organizational leaders who manage employees from differentgenerations

Característiques de les universitats espanyoles emprenedores

Les societats emprenedores es caracteritzen per considerar l'emprenedoria i el coneixement com a forces impulsores del creixement econòmic, la creació d'ocupació i la competitivitat en els mercats globals. Per aquest motiu, tots els agents, (tan públics com privats), participen activament en l'impuls i implementació de polítiques entorn la innovació i la indústria, generant tecnologia i transferència tecnològica. És en aquest context, en què la universitat té un paper molt important en ser una organització productora i generadora de coneixement que pot ser transferit mitjançant el desenvolupament de diverses activitats emprenedores.Las sociedades emprendedoras se caracterizan por considerar el emprendimiento y el conocimiento como fuerzas impulsoras del crecimiento económico, la creación de empleo y la competitividad en los mercados globales. De ahí que todos los agentes, (tanto públicos como privados), participen activamente en el impulso e implementación de políticas en torno a la innovación y la industria, generando tecnología y transferencia tecnológica. Es en este contexto, en el que la universidad desempeña un papel muy importante al ser una organización productora y generadora de conocimiento que puede ser transferido mediante el desarrollo de diversas actividades emprendedoras

Transferencia de conocimiento y tecnología Mejores prácticas en las universidades emprendedoras españolas

Entrepreneurial society refers to places where knowledge-based entrepreneurship has emerged as a driving force for economic growth, employment creation and competitiveness in global markets. All spheres (public, private and academic) have formerly been operated interwoven with a spiral pattern of linkages emerging at various stages of the innovation and industrial policy-making processes, generating knowledge and technology transfer. Therefore, the entrepreneurial university plays an important role as a knowledge producer and disseminating organization. Entrepreneurial universities are involved in partnerships, networks and other relationships with public and private organizations that are an umbrella for the development and growth of the national innovation system. The main purpose of this research is to identify the best practices for knowledge and technology transfer implemented by Spanish entrepreneurial universities. To fulfill this objective, an institutional perspective is adopted and case study approach is used

El desenvolupament d'una universitat emprenedora

Avui dia, és àmpliament reconeguda la contribució del coneixement i l'emprenedoria en el desenvolupament econòmic i social de qualsevol regió. Sens dubte, en aquest context, les universitats emprenedores juguen un paper molt important, ja que són una àrea fèrtil per a la generació de coneixement i idees innovadores que poden ser disseminades a la societat a través de diverses iniciatives emprenedores. No obstant això, la interrelació i influència entre diversos factors que puguin condicionar el seu desenvolupament ha estat poc explorada. Per això, que aquest article tracta de contribuir a una millor comprensió dels factors de l'entorn i interns que condicionen el desenvolupament d'universitats emprenedores.Hoy en día, es ampliamente reconocida la contribución del conocimiento y emprendimiento en el desarrollo económico y social de cualquier región. Sin duda, en este contexto, las universidades emprendedoras juegan un papel muy importante; ya que son un área fértil para la generación de conocimiento e ideas innovadoras que pueden ser diseminadas a la sociedad a través de diversas iniciativas emprendedoras. Sin embargo, la interrelación e influencia entre diversos factores que pudieran condicionar su desarrollo ha sido poco explorada. De ahí, que este artículo trate de contribuir a un mejor entendimiento de los factores del entorno e internos que condicionan el desarrollo de universidades emprendedoras

Economic impact of entrepreneurial universities’ activities: An exploratory study of the United Kingdom

Throughout economic history, institutions have established the rules that shape human interaction. In this sense, political, socio-cultural, and economic issues respond to particular forces: managed economy or entrepreneurial economy. In the entrepreneurial economy, the dominant production factor is knowledge capital that is the source of competitive advantage, which is complemented by entrepreneurship capital, representing the capacity to engage in and generate entrepreneurial activity. Thus, an entrepreneurial economy generates scenarios in which its members can explore and exploit economic opportunities and knowledge to promote new entrepreneurial phenomena that have not been previously visualised. In this context, the entrepreneurial university serves as a conduit of spillovers contributing to economic and social development through its multiple missions of teaching, research, and entrepreneurial activities. In particular, the outcomes of its missions are associated with the determinants of production functions (e.g. human capital, knowledge capital, social capital, and entrepreneurship capital). All these themes are still considerate potentially in the research agenda in academic entrepreneurship literature. This paper modestly tries to contribute to a better understanding of the economic impact of entrepreneurial universities’ teaching, research, and entrepreneurial activities. Taking an endogenous growth perspective, the proposed conceptual model is tested using data collected from 2005-2007 for 147 universities located in 74 Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics-3 (NUTS-3) regions of the United Kingdom. The results of this exploratory analysis show the positive and significant economic impact of teaching, research, and entrepreneurial activities. Interestingly, the higher economic impact of the United Kingdom’s entrepreneurial universities (the Russell group) is explained by entrepreneurial spin-offs. However, our control group composed by the rest of the country’s universities, the highest economic impact is associated with knowledge transfer (knowledge capital)

Regional variations in entrepreneurial cognitions: Start-up intentions of university students in Spain

Empirical research has recently paid considerable attention to the role of environmental factors in explaining regional variations in entrepreneurial activity. However, cognitive models have not usually included these factors in their analyses. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to identify some of the environmental cognitive elements that may explain regional differences in start-up intentions. Thus, an entrepreneurial intention model is developed, theoretically based on the planned behaviour approach, institutional economic theory and social capital theory. The empirical analysis is carried out using structural equation techniques over a sample of 549 final year university students from two Spanish regions (Catalonia and Andalusia). Results confirm that valuation of entrepreneurship in each region helps explain regional differences in entrepreneurial intentions. As expected, social valuation of the entrepreneur was higher in the more developed region (Catalonia), positively affecting perceived subjective norms and behavioural control. In Andalusia, the influence of perceived valuation of the entrepreneur in the closer environment was more important, affecting attitude towards the behaviour and subjective norms. These results explain some of the differences in the pool of potential entrepreneurs in each region. They also justify the need by public- policy decision-makers to promote more positive entrepreneurial values in relatively backward regionsMinisterio de Educación y Ciencia SEJ2007-60995Generalidad de Cataluña 2005SGR0085

Strategic Knowledge Management Within Subsidised Entrepreneurial University-Industry Partnerships

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to analyse how collaborative/opportunistic behaviours within subsidised university-industry partnerships are influencing the design/implementation of strategic knowledge management practices in emerging economies. Design/methodology/approach: The proposed conceptual model was analysed with a retrospective multiple case study approach integrated by four subsidised entrepreneurial universities-industry partnerships of the Incentive Programme for Innovation from 2009 to 2014 in Mexico. Findings: Entrepreneurial universities and industrial organisations confirm insights about dual collaborative-opportunistic behaviour within subsidised partnerships. The main effects of behaviours represent an increment in the knowledge management costs during the monitoring stages. The ex ante collaboration agreement anticipated and protected intellectual capabilities. Research limitations/implications: This research contributes to the ongoing discussion about public administrations’ opportunistic behaviours in emerging economies (Tripsas et al., 1995), the effectiveness of the innovation and entrepreneurial programmes (Guerrero and Urbano, 2019b), and the link between dual behaviours (collaborative and opportunistic) and knowledge management practices (de Wit-de Vries et al., 2018). Practical implications: New questions emerged about the effectiveness of subsidies as new modes of knowledge generation among entrepreneurial universities and industrial organisations, as well as the need for implementing strategic knowledge management practices in the public administration. Social implications: For policymakers, the study presents insights about the effectiveness of public resources. Policymakers should understand challenges and re-define/re-incentivize the productive value chain as well as implement mechanisms to control opportunistic behaviours on potential subsidised firms. Originality/value: The paper contributes to the academic debate about how entrepreneurial universities and industrial organisations are strategically managing their knowledge when participating in subsidised partnerships in emerging economies

Do employees' generational cohorts influence corporate venturing? A multilevel analysis

Organizations are facing an interesting phenomenon in the composition of their workforce: the concurrence of multiple age generations that demand suitable strategies regarding work design, job satisfaction, and incentives. Ongoing entrepreneurship and strategic management debates require a better understanding of the relationship between workplace generational cohorts' configurations and organizational performance. We propose a conceptual model for understanding how a diversified workforce influences some determinants (i.e., employees' human capital and attitudes, organizational climate, and environmental conditions) of entrepreneurial organizations' outcomes (i.e.,corporate venturing). Our framework offers insights into corporate venturing determinants for three generational cohorts: Baby Boomers, Generation X, and Generation Y. Using a sample of 20,256 employees across 28 countries, our findings lend support to the positive effect of individual and organizational determinants on corporate venturing, as well as how these effects are reinforced per generational cohort. Specifically, our results show that younger generations (millennials) have more propensity to be involved in corporate venturing activities. This study also contributes to thoughtprovoking implications for entrepreneurial organizational leaders who manage employees from different generations