Pharmacogenetics Reality Or Fction? Or Are We There Yet?

[No abstract available]6902:00:00151152Twardowschy, C.A., Werneck, L.C., Scola, R.H., Depaola, L., Silvado, C.E., CYP2C9 polymorphisms in patients with epilepsy. Genotypic frequency analyzes and phe-nytoin adverse reactions correlations (2011) Arq Neurop-siquiatr, 69, pp. 153-158Glauser, T., Bem-Menachen, E., Bourgeois, B., ILAE treatment guidelines: Evidence-based analysis of an-tiepileptic drug efcacy and efectiveness as initialmonotherapy for epileptic seizures and syndromes (2006) Epilepsia, 47, pp. 1094-1120Gidal, B.E., French, J.A., Grossman, P., le Teuf, G., Assessment of potential drug interactions in patients with epilepsy:Impact of age and sex (2009) Neurology, 72, pp. 419-425Vogel, F., Moderne probleme der humangenetik (1959) Ergeb Inn Med Kinder-heilkd, 12, pp. 52-125Johnson, J.A., Pharmacogenetics: Potential for individualized drug therapy through genetics (2003) Trends Genet, 19, pp. 660-666Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome (2001) Nature, 409, pp. 860-921. , International Human Genome Sequence ConsortiumJordan, D.M., Ramensky, V.E., Sunyaev, S.R., Human allelic variation: Perspective from protein function, structure, and evolution (2010) Curr Opin Struct Biol, 20, pp. 342-350Evans, B.J., Establishing clinical utility of pharmacogenetic tests in the post-FDAAA era (2010) Clin Pharmacol Ther, 88, pp. 749-751Hamburg, M.A., Collins, F.S., The path to personalized medicine (2010) N Engl J Med, 363, pp. 301-304(2009) Carbamazepine (market As Car-batrol, Equetro, Tegretol and Generics), , http:www.fda.gov/cder/drug/InfoSheet/HCP/carba-mazepineHCP.htm, Information for healthcare professionals, FDA Alert 12/12/07, updated 1/31/0

Surgery For Refractory Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: Prognostic Factors And Early, Rather Than Late, Intervention [cirurgia Para Epilepsia De Lobo Temporal Mesial: Fatores Prognósticos E Intervenção Precoce Melhor Que Tardia]

[No abstract available]705315Engel Jr., J., Wiebe, S., French, J., Quality standards subcommittee of the american academy of neurologyamerican epilepsy societyamerican association of neurological surgeons (2003) Neurology, 60, pp. 538-547Jardim, A.P., Neves, R.S.C., Caboclo, L.O.S.F., Temporal lobe epilepsy with mesial temporal sclerosis: Hippocampal neuronal loss as a predictor of surgical outcome (2012) Arq Neuropsiquiatr, 70, pp. 319-324Kwan, P., Arzimanoglou, A., Berg, A.T., Definition of drug resistant epilepsy: Consensus proposal by the ad hoc Task Force of the ILAE Commission on Therapeutic Strategies (2010) Epilepsia, 51, pp. 1069-1077Engel Jr., J., McDermott, M.P., Wiebe, S., Early randomized surgical epilepsy trial (ERSET) study group. early surgical therapy for drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy: A randomized trial (2012) JAMA, 307, pp. 922-93

A New Treatment For Large Cerebral Paracoccidioidomycosis

[No abstract available]45441942

First, Do No Harm: The Risks Of Overtreating Children With Epilepsy

Background: Although overtreatment with antiepileptic drugs contributes to the morbidity associated with epilepsy, many children still are overtreated. Objective: To evaluate if the withdrawal of at least one antiepileptic drug (AED) in children with refractory epilepsy using polytherapy enable a better seizure control. Method: This was a prospective study. Children with refractory epilepsy using at least two AEDs were included. Once the patient, or guardian, agreed to participate in the study, one or more AED were slowly tapered off. The remaining AEDs dosages could be adjusted as needed, but a new AED could not be introduced. Results: Fifteen patients were evaluated, three girls; ages ranging from 3 to 18 (mean=8.7 years). After at least one AED withdrawal, two (13.5%) patients became seizure free, seizures improved >50% in 5 (33.5%) patients, did not change in 5 (33.5%), and seizure frequency became worse in 3 (20%). Adverse events improved in 12 patients (80%). Conclusion: The withdrawal of at least one AED is a valuable option in the treatment of selected children with refractory epilepsy.65114Camfield, C.S., Camfield, P., Gordon, K., Smith, B., Dooley, J., Outcome of childhood epilepsy: A population-based study with a simple scoring system for those treated with medication (1993) J Pediatr, 122, pp. 861-868Silva, M., MacArdle, B., MaGowan, M., Randomised comparative monotherapy trial of phenobarbitone, phenytoin, carbamazepine, or sodium valproate for newly diagnosed childhood epilepsy (1996) Lancet, 347, pp. 709-713Baulac, M., Rational conversion from antiepileptic polytherapy to monotherapy (2003) Epileptic Disord, 5, pp. 125-132Holmes, G.L., Overtreatment in children with epilepsy (2002) Epilepsy Res, 52, pp. 35-42Fischbacher, E., Effect of reduction of anticonvulsants on wellbeing (1982) Br Med J (Clin Res Ed), 285, pp. 423-424Schmidt, D., Reduction of two-drug therapy in intractable epilepsy (1983) Epilepsia, 24, pp. 368-376Alvarez, N., Discontinuance of antiepileptic medications in patients with developmental disability and diagnosis of epilepsy (1989) Am J Ment Retard, 93, pp. 593-595Guerrini, R., Belmonte, A., Genton, P., Antiepileptic drug-induced worsening of seizures in children (1998) Epilepsia, 39 (SUPPL. 3), pp. S2-S10TS, K., Holmes, G.L., EEG and clinical predictors of medically intractable childhood epilepsy (1999) Clin Neurophysiol, 110, pp. 1245-1251Huttenlocker, P.R., Hapke, R.J., A follow-up study of intractable seizures in childhood (1990) Ann Neurol, 28, pp. 699-705Ferngren, H., Akerstrom, I., Rane, A., Mono or polypharmacotherapy in institutionalized epileptic children with severe mental retardation? A team approach for optimizing antiepileptic therapy (1991) Acta Paediatr Scand, 80, pp. 458-465Dooley, J., Gordon, K., Camfield, C., Smith, E., Discontinuation of anticonvulsant therapy in children free of seizures for 1 year: A prospective study (1996) Neurology, 46, pp. 969-974Shinnar, S., Berg, A.T., Moshé, S.L., Discontinuing antiepileptic drugs in children with epilepsy:a prospective study (1994) Ann Neurol, 35, pp. 534-545Shorvon, S.D., Reynolds, E.H., Unnecessary polypharmacy for epilepsy (1977) Br Med J, 1, pp. 1635-1637Vickery, B.G., Hay, R., Engel, J., Outcome assessment for epilepsy surgery: The impact of measuring health-related quality of life (1995) Ann Neurol, 37, pp. 158-16

Cysticidal Therapy: Impact On Seizure Control In Epilepsy Associated With Neurocysticercosis

Objective: To evaluate the clinical features and seizure control of epilepsy related to neurocysticercosis. Method: 18 patients with partial epilepsy and neurocysticercosis were treated with albendazol or praziquantel and followed from 3 months to 12 years. We analyzed results from the CSF exam, interietal electroencephalogram (EEG), head computerized tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging. Results: The patients' mean age was 36.4 years. The mean duration of epilepsy was 16 years. 83% patients had simple partial seizures ; 17% had complex partial seizures. All patients underwent routine EEGs: 62% had abnormalities and 38% were normal. A relationship was observed between focal EEG abnormality and the location of cyst in 28% of the patients. The CSF exams showed pleocytosis in 33% of the patients, and 28% had elevated protein levels. Only 22% of patients had positive titer for cysticercosis in the CSF. In all patients who had somatosensory and special sensory seizures there was a relationship between location of the cysts and seizure semiology (n=11). After cysticidal therapy, 83% patients had a significant improvement in controlling seizures. Conclusion: In this group, we found a predominance of simple partial seizures and a relationship between somatosensory and special sensory seizures and the location of the cysts. Cysticidal therapy was effective in controlling seizures in these patients and should be considered for patients with partial seizures and semiology related to cyst location.58410141020Carpio, A., Escobar, A., Hauser, W.A., Cysticercosis and epilepsy: A critical review (1998) Epilepsia, 39, pp. 1025-1040Pal, D.K., Carpio, A., Sander, J.W., Neurocysticercosis and epilepsy in developing countries (2000) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 68, pp. 137-143Del Brutto, O.H., Prognostic factors for seizure recurrence after withdrawal of antiepileptic drugs in patients with neurocysticercosis (1994) Neurology, 44, pp. 1706-1709Spina-França, A., Livramento, J.A., Machado, L.R., Cysticercosis of the central nervous system and cerebrospinal fluid: Immunodiagnosis of 1573 patients in 63 years (1993) Arq Neuropsiquiatr, 51, pp. 16-20Monteiro, L., Nunes, B., Mendonça, D., Lopes, J., Spectrum of epilepsy in neurocysticercosis: A long-term follow-up of 143 patients (1995) Acta Neurol Scand, 92, pp. 33-40Carpio, A., Santillán, F., León, P., Aspectos clinicos de la cisticercosis (1990) Rev Inst Cienc Salud (Ecuador), 5, pp. 1-40Palacio, L.G., Jiménez, I., Garcia, H.H., Neurocysticercosis in persons with epilepsy in Medellín, Colombia (1998) Epilepsia, 39, pp. 1334-1339Garcia, H.H., Gilman, R., Martinéz, M., Cysticercosis as a major cause of epilepsy in Peru (1993) Lancet, 341, pp. 197-200Medina, M.T., Rosas, E., Rubio-Donnadieu, F., Sotelo, J., Neurocysticercosis as the main cause of late-onset epilepsy in Mexico (1990) Arch Intern Med, 150, pp. 323-325Sotelo, J., Escobedo, F., Rodriguez-Carbajal, J., Rubio-Donnadieu, F., Therapy of parenchymal brain cysticercosis with praziquantel (1984) N Engl J Med., 310, pp. 1001-1007Shawhney, I.M.S., Lekhra, O.P., Shashi, J.S., Evaluation of epilepsy management in a developing country: A prospective study of 407 patients (1996) Acta Neurol Scand, 94, pp. 19-23Proposal for revised classification of epilepsies and epileptic seizures (1989) Epilepsia, 30, pp. 389-399Takayanagui, O.M., Jardim, E., Therapy for neurocysticercosis: Comparison between albendazole and praziquantel (1992) Arch Neurol, 49, pp. 290-294Carpio, A., Santillán, F., León, P., Is the course of neurocysticercosis modified by treatment with antibelminthic agents? (1995) Arch Intern Med, 155, pp. 1982-1988Kramer, L.D., Medical Treatment of cysticercosis-ineffective (1995) Arch Neurol, 52, pp. 101-102Hachinski, V., Medical treatment of cysticercosis (1995) Arch Neurol, 52, p. 104Krammer, L.D., Locke, G.E., Byrd, S.E., Daryabagi, J., Cerebral cysticercosis: Documentation of natural history with CT (1989) Radiology, 171, pp. 459-462Cukiert, A., Pugli, P., Scapolan, H.B., Congruence of the topography of intracranial calcifications and epileptic foci (1994) Arq Neuropsiquiatr, 52, pp. 289-294Escobedo, F., Penagos, P., Rodríguez, J., Sotelo, J., Albendazole therapy for neurocysticercosis (1987) Arch Intern Med, 147, pp. 738-741Murthy, J.M.K., Reddy, Y.V.S., Prognosis of epilepsy associated with single CT enhancing lesion: A long term follow up study (1998) J Neurol Sci, 159, pp. 151-155Bittencourt, P., Adamolekum, B., Bharucha, N., Epilepsy in the tropics: II. Clinical presentations, pathophysiology, immunologic diagnosis, economics and therapy (1996) Epilepsia, 37, pp. 1121-1127Del Brutto, O.H., Santibañez, R., Noboa, C.A., Epilepsy due to neurocysticercosis: Analysis of 203 patients (1992) Neurology, 42, pp. 389-392Narata, A.P., Arruda, W.O., Uemura, E., Neurocisticercose: Diagnósfico tomográfico em pacientes neurológicos (1998) Arq Neuropsiquiatr, 56 (2), pp. 245-249Minguetti, G., Ferreira, M., Computed tomography in neurocysticercosis (1983) J Neurol Neurossurg Psychiatry, 46, pp. 926-942Chequer, R.S., Vieira, V.L., Neurocisticercose no Estado do Espírito Santo (1990) Arq Neuropsiquiatr, 48, pp. 431-440Daras, M., Tuchman, A.J., Strobos, R.J., Computed tomography in adult onset epileptic seizures in a city hospital population (1987) Epilepsia, 28, pp. 519-522Singh, G., Neurocysticercosis in South-Central America and the Indian Subcontinent: A comparative evaluation (1997) Arq Neuropsiquiatr, 55, pp. 349-356Sethi, P.K., Kuar, B.R., Madan, V.S., Appearing and disappearing CT scan abnormalities and seizures (1985) J Neurol Neurossurg Psychiatry, 48, pp. 866-869Chandy, M.J., Rajshekhar, V., Ghosh, S., Single small enhancing CT lesions in Indian patients with epilepsy: Clinical, radiological and pathological considerations (1991) J Neurol Neurossurg Psychiatry, 54, pp. 702-705Rajsheklar, V., Albendazole theraphy for persistent solitary cysticercus granuloma in patient with seizures (1993) Neurology, 43, pp. 1238-1240Vazquez, V., Sotelo, J., The course of seizures after treatment for cerebral cysticercosis (1992) N Engl J Med, 327, pp. 696-701Alarcón, F., Escalante, L., Dueñas, G., Neurocysticercosis: Short course of treatment with albendazole (1989) Arch Neurol, 46, pp. 1231-123

Comorbidities Associated With Epilepsy And Headaches [comorbidades Associadas às Epilepsias E Cefaleias]

Comorbidities are often associated with chronic neurological diseases, such as headache and epilepsy. Objectives: To identify comorbidities associated with epilepsy and headaches, and to determine possible drug interactions. Methods: A standardized questionnaire with information about type of epilepsy/headache, medical history, and medication was administered to 80 adult subjects (40 with epilepsy and 40 with chronic headache). Results: Patients with epilepsy had an average of two comorbidities and those with headache of three. For both groups, hypertension was the most prevalent. On average, patients with epilepsy were taking two antiepileptic medications and those with headache were taking only one prophylactic medication. Regarding concomitant medications, patients with epilepsy were in use, on average, of one drug and patients with headache of two. Conclusions: Patients with chronic neurological diseases, such as epilepsy and headaches, have a high number of comorbidities and they use many medications. This may contribute to poor adherence and interactions between different medications.704274277Hirtz, D., Thurman, D.J., Gwinn-Hardy, K., Mohamed, M., Chaudhuri, A.R., Zalutsky, R., How common are the "common" neurologic disorders? (2007) Neurology, 68, pp. 326-337Stovner, L.J., Hagen, K., Jensen, R., The global burden of headache: A documentation of headache prevalence and disability worldwide (2007) Cephalalgia, 27, pp. 193-210Proposal for revised classification of epilepsies and epiletic syndromes (1989) Epilepsia, 30, pp. 389-399. , Commission on Classification and Terminology of the International League Against EpilepsyGidal, B.E., French, J.A., Grossman, P., le Teuff, G., Assessment of potential drug interactions in patients with epilepsy: Impact of age and sex (2009) Neurology, 72, pp. 419-425Recomendações para o tratamento profilático da migrânea: Consenso da Sociedade Brasileira de Cefaléia (2002) Arq Neuropsiquiatr, 60, pp. 159-169. , Sociedade Brasileira de CefaleiaBetting, L.E., Kobayashi, E., Montenegro, M.A., Tratamento de epilepsia: Consenso dos especialistas brasileiros (2003) Arq Neuropsiquiatr, 61, pp. 1045-1070Patsalos, P.N., Perucca, E., Clinically important drug interactions in epilepsy: Interactions between antiepileptic drugs and other drugs (2003) Lancet Neurol, 2, pp. 473-481Buse, D.C., Manack, A., Serrano, D., Sociodemographic and comorbidity profiles of chronic migraine and episodic migraine sufferers (2010) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 81, pp. 428-432Faught, E., Duh, M.S., Weiner, J.R., Nonadherence to antiepileptic drugs and increased mortality: Findings from the RANSOM Study (2008) Neurology, 71, pp. 1572-1578Cramer, J.A., Glassman, M., Rienzic, V., The relationship between poor medication compliance and seizures (2002) Epilepsy and Behavior, 3, pp. 338-342Oberndorfer, S., Piribauer, M., Marosi, C., Lahrmann, H., Hitzenberger, P., Grisold, W., P450 enzyme inducing and non-enzyme inducing antiepileptics in glioblastoma patients treated with standard chemotherapy (2005) J Neurooncol, 72, pp. 255-260Spina, E., Scordo, M.G., D'Arrigo, C., Metabolic drug interactions with new psychotropic agents (2003) Fundamental and Clin Pharmacol, 17, pp. 517-538Monaco, F., Cicolin, A., Interactions between anticonvulsant and psychoactive drugs (1999) Epilepsia, 40 (SUPPL.), pp. S71-S7

Patterns Of Seizure Control In Patients With Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy With And Without Hippocampus Sclerosis [padrões De Controle De Crises Em Pacientes Com Epilepsia De Lobo Temporal Com Ou Sem Esclerose Hipocampal]

Objective: Patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) may present unstable pattern of seizures. We aimed to evaluate the occurrence of relapse-remitting seizures in MTLE with (MTLE-HS) and without (MTLE-NL) hippocampal sclerosis. Method: We evaluated 172 patients with MTLE-HS (122) or MTLE-NL (50). Relapse-remitting pattern was defined as periods longer than two years of seizure-freedom intercalated with seizure recurrence. “Infrequent seizures” was considered as up to three seizures per year and “frequent seizures” as any period of seizures higher than that. Results: Thirty-seven (30%) MTLE-HS and 18 (36%) MTLE-NL patients had relapse-remitting pattern (X2, p = 0.470). This was more common in those with infrequent seizures (X2, p < 0.001). Twelve MTLE-HS and one MTLE-NL patients had prolonged seizure remission between the first and second decade of life (X2, p = 0.06). Conclusion: Similar proportion of MTLE-HS or MTLE-NL patients present relapse-remitting seizures and this occurs more often in those with infrequent seizures.7327982Kwan, P., Brodie, M.J., Early identification of refractory epilepsy (2010) N Engl Jmed, 342 (5), pp. 314-319. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200002033420503Goodridge, D.M., Shorvon, S.D., Epileptic seizures in a population of 6000. II: Treatment and prognosis (1983) Br Med J, 287 (6393), pp. 645-647. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.287.6393.645Brodie, M.J., Barry, S., Bamagous, G.A., Norrie, J.D., Kwan, P., Patterns of treatment response in newly diagnosed epilepsy (2012) Neurology, 78 (20), pp. 1548-1554. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182563b19Semah, F., Picot, M.C., Adam, C., Broglin, D., Arzimanoglou, A., Bazin, B., Is the underlying cause of epilepsy a major prognostic factor for recurrence? (1998) Neurology, 51 (5), pp. 1256-1262. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.51.5.1256Hauser, W.A., Annegers, J.F., Kurland, L.T., Prevalence of epilepsy in Rochester, Minnesota: 1940-1980 (1991) Epilepsia, 32 (4), pp. 429-445. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1157.1991.tb04675.xFrench, J.A., Williamson, P.D., Thadani, V.M., Darcey, T.M., Mattson, R.H., Spencer, S.S., Characteristics of medial temporal lobe epilepsy: I. Results of history and physical examination (1993) Ann Neurol, 34 (6), pp. 774-780. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ana.410340604Berg, A.T., The natural history of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (2008) Curr Opin Neurol, 21 (2), pp. 173-178. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/WCO.0b013e3282f36ccdSillanpää, M., Schmidt, D., Natural history of treated childhood-onset epilepsy: Prospective, long-term population based study (2006) Brain, 129, pp. 617-624. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awh726Coan, A.C., Kubota, B.Y., Bergo, F., Campos, B.M., Cendes, F., 3T MRI quantification of hippocampal volume and signal in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy improves detection of hippocampal sclerosis (2014) AJNR am J Neuroradiol, 35 (1), pp. 77-83. , http://dx.doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A3640Wieser, H.G., ILAE Commission on Neurosurgery of Epilepsy. Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis (2004) Epilepsia, 45 (6), pp. 695-714. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0013-9580.2004.09004.xKwan, P., Arzimanoglou, A., Berg, A.T., Brodie, M.J., Allen Hauser, W., Mathern, G., Definition of drug resistant epilepsy: Consensus proposal by the ad hoc Task Force of the ILAE Commission on Therapeutic Strategies (2010) Epilepsia, 51 (6), pp. 1069-1077. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02397.xVan Paesschen, W., Connelly, A., King, M.D., Jackson, G.D., Duncan, J.S., The spectrum of hippocampal sclerosis: A quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study (1997) Ann Neurol, 41 (1), pp. 41-51. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ana.410410109Cohen-Gadol, A.A., Bradley, C.C., Williamson, A., Kim, J.H., Westerveld, M., Duckrow, R.B., Normal magnetic resonance imaging and medial temporal lobe epilepsy: The clinical syndrome of paradoxical temporal lobe epilepsy (2005) J Neurosur, 102 (5), pp. 902-909. , http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.2005.102.5.0902Pittau, F., Bisulli, F., Mai, R., Fares, J.E., Vignatelli, L., Labate, A., Prognostic factors in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (2009) Epilepsia, 50, pp. 41-44. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01969.xKobayashi, E., Lopes-Cendes, I., Guerreiro, C.A., Sousa, S.C., Guerreiro, M.M., Cendes, F., Seizure outcome and hippocampal atrophy in familial mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (2001) Neurology, 56 (2), pp. 166-172. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.56.2.166Labate, A., Gambardella, A., Ermann, E., Aguglia, U., Cendes, F., Berkovic, S.F., Benign mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (2011) Nat Rev Neurol, 7 (4), pp. 237-240. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2010.21

Caution In The Interpretation Of Guidelines For Drug Treatment Of Epilepsy [cuidados Na Interpretação Dos Guias Para Tratamento Medicamentoso De Epilepsia]

This article critically reviews the role of evidence-based medicine and its guidelines, from their logistic preparation to their interpretation. The strengths and weaknesses of the methodological points are presented, as well the reasons for the extreme popularity of the guidelines in developed countries. The review discusses the main foundations of the most cited guidelines and some recent large studies. Some of the final conclusions are that clinical experience is always an important factor to consider, even in the face of solid evidence, to achieve the best possible management of any particular patient.14SUPPL. 21219French, J.A., Kanner, A.M., Bautista, J., Efficacy and tolerability of the new antiepileptic drugs: I: Treatment of new onset epilepsy: report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee and Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy and the American Epilepsy Society (2004) Neurology, 62, pp. 1252-1260French, J.A., Kanner, A.M., Bautista, J., Abou-Khalil, B., Browne, T., Harden, C.L., Theodore, W.H., Glauser, T.A., Efficacy and tolerability of the new antiepileptic drugs II: Treatment of refractory epilepsy: Report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee and Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society (2004) Neurology, 62 (8), pp. 1261-1273Glauser, T., Ben-Menachem, E., Bourgeois, B., Cnaan, A., Chadwick, D., Guerreiro, C., Kalviainen, R., Tomson, T., ILAE treatment guidelines: Evidence-based analysis of antiepileptic drug efficacy and effectiveness as initial monotherapy for epileptic seizures and syndromes (2006) Epilepsia, 47 (7), pp. 1094-1120. , DOI 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2006.00585.xMarson, A.G., Al-Kharusi, A.M., Alwaidh, M., Appleton, R., Baker, G.A., Chadwick, D.W., Cramp, C., Williamson, P.R., The SANAD study of effectiveness of carbamazepine, gabapentin, lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine, or topiramate for treatment of partial epilepsy: An unblinded randomised controlled trial (2007) Lancet, 369 (9566), pp. 1000-1015. , DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60460-7, PII S0140673607604607Marson, A.G., Al-Kharusi, A.M., Alwaidh, M., Appleton, R., Baker, G.A., Chadwick, D.W., Cramp, C., Williamson, P.R., The SANAD study of effectiveness of valproate, lamotrigine, or topiramate for generalised and unclassifiable epilepsy: An unblinded randomised controlled trial (2007) Lancet, 369 (9566), pp. 1016-1026. , DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60461-9, PII S0140673607604619Sackett, D.L., Stranss, S.E., Richardson, W.S., (2000) Evidence Based Medicine. 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Washington, DC: National Academy PressCavalcante, A.B., Silva, E., Prática da medicina baseada em evidências: Acessando com eficiência bases de dados eletrônicas (2007) Einstein Educ Contin Saúde, 5 (4 PART 2), pp. 109-111Hirtz, D., Ashwal, S., Berg, A., Bettis, D., Camfield, C., Camfield, P., Crumrine, P., Shinnar, S., Practice parameter: Evaluating a first nonfebrile seizure in children: Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology, the Child Neurology Society, and the American Epilepsy Society (2000) Neurology, 55 (5), pp. 616-623Hirtz, D., Berg, A., Bettis, D., Camfield, C., Camfield, P., Crumrine, P., Gaillard, W.D., Shinnar, S., Practice parameter: Treatment of the child with a first unprovoked seizure: Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the Practice Committee of the Child Neurology Society (2003) Neurology, 60 (2), pp. 166-175Engel Jr., J., Wiebe, S., French, J., Sperling, M., Williamson, P., Spencer, D., Gumnit, R., Enos, B., Practice parameter: Temporal lobe and localized neocortical resections for epilepsy - Report of the quality standards subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology, in association with the American Epilepsy Society and the American Association of Neurological Surgeons (2003) Neurology, 60 (4), pp. 538-547Chen, D.K., So, Y.T., Fisher, R.S., Use of serum prolactin in diagnosing epileptic seizures (2005) Neurology, 65, pp. 668-675. , Report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of NeurologyHarden, C.L., Huff, J.S., Schwartz, T.H., Dubinsky, R.M., Zimmerman, R.D., Weinstein, S., Foltin, J.C., Theodore, W.H., Neuroimaging in the emergency patient presenting with seizure (an evidence-based review) (2007) Neurology, 69, pp. 1772-1780. , Report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of NeurologyKrumholz, D., Wiebe, S., Gronseth, G., Shinnar, S., Levisohn, P., Ting, T., Hopp, J., French, J., Practice Parameter: Evaluating an apparent unprovoked first seizure in adults (an evidence-based review) (2007) Neurology, 69, pp. 1996-2007. , Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy SocietyNewer Drugs for Epilepsy in Adults, , www.nice.org.uk/Docret.asp?d=110081, Accessed May 5, 2008. 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Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus And Delayed Cerebral Infarction [herpes Zoster Oftalmico E Posterior Acidente Vascular Cerebral. Relato De Caso]

[No abstract available]42440240