Suplementação de novilhos de corte em pastagem de Brachiariabrizantha durante a estação seca e das águas: desempenho e predição ultrassonográfica de carcaça

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of genetic group, sex and level of protein-energy supplementation on the performance and carcass traitsultrasound prediction of weaned calves Nellore and crossbred animals ½ Nellore x ½ Aberdeen Angus. A completely randomized design in a factorial 2x2x2, were used, with two levels of protein-energy supplementation, two sex and two genetic groups. Fifty-six animals were used (28 Nellore and 28 crossbred ½ Nellore x ½ Aberdeen Angus), equally divided between males and females, maintained on grazing Brachiariabrizanthacv. Marandu and evaluated in three experimental periods: period 1 = protein-energy supplementation in the dry season; period 2 = protein-energy supplementation during the rainy season; period 3 = only mineral supplementation. In the dry season, they were supplemented with levels of 0.5 and 1% of body weight (BW) and in the rainy season with 0 and 1% BW. Dry matter intake (kg day-1, % BW, g kgBW0.75-1) was estimated. In vivo ultrasound measurements of carcass were: loin eye area (LEA), fat thickness (FT) and rump fat thickness (RFT). There was influence of genetic group and protein-energy supplementation levels on average daily gain (ADG) of animals in period 1 and 2 (P < 0.05). Sex affected the ADG only in period 2, and the males had 754 gday-1 and females, 582 g day-1. There was no interaction of genetic group x sex x supplementation level. At the end of the experimental period (end of period 3), it was found that male animals and crossbred animals ½ Nellore x ½ Aberdeen Angus had higher ADG (716 and 748 g day-1, respectively). The values of dry matter intake (DMI) were influenced by genetic group and sex, in all periods, verifying highest intake in crossbred animals ½ Nellore x ½ Aberdeen Angus, with better feed conversion for crossbred animals. Regarding ultrasound measurements taken on the carcass, the influence of sex on FT and RFT, it was observed, and the males showed higher values, 3.24 and 4.62 mm, respectively. LEA was influenced by protein-energy supplementation levels in the second period, herein animals receiving 1% of BW, showed higher values (56.04 cm2) than those receiving 0.5% of BW supplement (48.38 cm2). The use of protein-energy supplementation with 0.5% of BW in the dry season and 1% of BW in the rainy season, the best results of performance and contributes to larger loin eye area.Objetivou-se neste estudo avaliar a influência do grupo genético, sexo e níveis de suplementação proteicoenergética sobre o desempenho e características de predição de carcaça de bezerros desmamados da raça Nelore e ½ Nelore x ½ Aberdeen Angus. Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2x2x2, sendo dois níveis de suplementação, dois sexos e dois grupos genéticos. Foram utilizados 56 animais (28 Nelore e 28 ½ Nelore x ½ Aberdeen Angus), divididos igualmente entre machos e fêmeas, mantidos em pastagem de Brachiariabrizantha cv. Marandu e avaliados em três períodos experimentais: período 1= suplementação proteico-energética na estação seca; período 2= suplementação proteico-energética na estação chuvosa; período 3= apenas suplementação mineral. Na estação seca, suplementou-se com níveis de 0,5 e 1% do peso corporal (PC) e na estação chuvosa 0 e 1% do peso corporal. Foram estimados o consumo de matéria seca (kg dia-1, % PC, g kgPC0,75-1). As mensurações ultrassonográficas de carcaça in vivo foram: área de olho de lombo (AOL), espessura de gordura subcutânea (EGS) e espessura de gordura na garupa (EGG). Houve influência (P < 0,05) do grupo genético e do nível de suplementação no ganho médio diário (GMD) dos animais no período 1 e 2. O sexo influenciou o GMD apenas no período 2, sendo que os machos apresentaram 754g dia-1 e as fêmeas, 582 g dia-1. Não houve interação de grupo genético x sexo x nível de suplementação. Ao final do período experimental (final do período 3), verificou-se que os animais machos eanimais cruzados ½ Nelore x ½ Aberdeen Angus apresentaram maior GMD (748 e 716 g dia-1, respectivamente). Os valores de consumo de matéria seca (MS) foram influenciados pelo grupo genético e pelo sexo, em todos os períodos avaliados, verificando-se maiores consumos em animais cruzados ½ Nelore x ½ Aberdeen Angus e em animais machos, sendo a conversão alimentar melhor em animais cruzados. Quanto às mensurações ultrassonográficas realizadas na carcaça, observou-se influência de sexo sobre EGS e EGG, sendo que os animais machos apresentaram valores maiores, de 3,24 e 4,62 mm, respectivamente. AOL foi influenciada pelo nível de suplementação proteico-energética, no período 2, sendo que animais recebendo 1% do PC em ambos os períodos apresentaram maiores valores (56,04 cm2) do que aqueles recebendo 0,5% do PC em suplemento (48,38 cm2). A utilização da suplementação proteico-energética com 0,5% do PC na estação seca e 1% do PCna estação chuvosa, apresenta melhores resultados de desempenho e contribui para maior área de olho de lombo

Carcass characteristics, meat quality, feeding behavior of Nelore heifers fed diets containing sunflower pie

The aim was to evaluate the feeding behavior, carcass characteristics and meat quality of Nelore heifers fed sunflower pie replacing cottonseed meal. They were used 30 heifers with average initial weight of 274 kg ± 28 kg and average age of 24 months, confined for 76 days. The design was completely randomized with five treatments (0, 150, 300, 450 and 600 g kg-1 DM) and six replicates per treatment. By completing 24 hours after slaughter, it evaluated muscle conformation and degree of finish made the longissimus dorsi at the 13th rib. A representative sample between the 10th and 12th ribs was collected for evaluation of the physical components of carcasses. As well as the other variables, the hot carcass weight, dressing percentage, carcass length and rib eye area were not influenced by different pie levels in feed. The mean percentage of muscle, bone and fat from the carcass were 53.45; 16.14 and 29.46%, respectively, similar among treatments. Therefore, the use of up to 600 g kg-1 of sunflower pie replacing cottonseed meal as the main protein source, did not affect the carcass characteristics and meat quality of Nelore heifers.

Adubação nitrogenada em cobertura para produção de trigo duplo propósito em sistema Integrago de Produção Agropecuária

Nowadays, there are numerous arrangements of Integrated Systems of Agricultural Production, due, the particularities of each region and/or rural enterprise. The use of dual-purpose species such as, for example, BRS Tarumã® wheat further intensifies the system, because there is plant-animal production in a short time. Study aimed to evaluate the production and chemical composition of dual purpose wheat pastures managed with different DAN during periods of spikelet terminal (ST) and anthesis (AN), aiming crop production (pasture and grain) and animal (milk and / or meat). The experimental randomized block design with five treatments (0, 75, 150, 225 e 300 Kg de N ha-1, in the form of ammonium nitrate) and four replications. The average biomass values before the first and the second grazing were respectively: 2,164 and 2,127 kg DM per hectare and the waste of about 824 and 1,772 kg of DM per hectare and the daily average accumulation rate between the two grazing DM was 86 kg per hectare at 17 day intervals. The variables, number of spikes per square meter, grain number per square meter, thousand grain weight, hectoliter weight and grain yield did not differ (P>0.05) between treatments. Nitrogen fertilization increases linearly (P=0.0017) the size of the spikes depending on nitrogen rates. For the linear variable layering increased (P=0.0001), indicating the susceptibility of the crop to high levels of nitrogen. The application of nitrogen fertilizer levels in dual purpose grazed wheat before the spikelet terminal stage and anthesis does not influence on grain yield variables. The nitrogen fertilization on wheat double purpose must be fractionated at tillering and after each grazing increasing the remobilization rate of nitrogen by culture.Atualmente, há inúmeros arranjos de Sistemas Integrados de Produção Agropecuária, em função, das particularidades de cada região e/ou empresa rural. A utilização de espécies de duplo propósito como, por exemplo, o trigo BRS Tarumã® intensifica ainda mais o sistema, pois há produção vegetal-animal em curto espaço de tempo. Objetivou-se avaliar a produção e a composição bromatológica de pastagens de trigo duplo propósito manejadas com diferentes DAN nos períodos de espigueta terminal (ET) e antese (AN), almejando produção vegetal (pastagem e grão) e animal (leite e/ou carne). Utilizou-se delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados com cinco tratamentos (0, 75, 150, 225 e 300 Kg de N ha-1, sob a forma de nitrato de amônia) e quatro repetições. Os valores médios de biomassa antes do primeiro e do segundo pastejo foram respectivam ente de: 2.164 e 2.127 Kg de MS por hectare e os resíduos da ordem de 824 e 1.772 Kg de MS por hectare e a taxa de acúmulo diária média entre os dois pastejos foi 86 Kg de MS por hectare em 17 dias de intervalo. As variáveis número de espigas por metro quadrado, número de grão por metro quadrado, peso de mil grãos, peso do hectolitro e produção de grãos não diferiram (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos. A adubação nitrogenada aumentou linearmente (P=0,0017) o tamanho das espigas, em função das doses de nitrogênio. Para a variável acamamento houve aumentou linear (P=0,0001), evidenciando a susceptibilidade da cultura para elevadas doses de nitrogênio. A aplicação de doses de adubação nitrogenada em trigo duplo propósito pastejado antes dos estádios de espigueta terminal e antese não influencia nas variáveis de rendimento de grão. A adubação nitrogenada em trigo duplo propósito deve ser fracionada no perfilhamento e após cada pastejo aumentando a taxa de remobilização do nitrogênio pela cultura

Produção de trigo duplo propósito com diferentes doses de adubação nitrogenada em cobertura

Currently, the practice of Crop-Livestock Integration is stimulated as a way of increasing the generation of foreign exchange for Brazil. Integrated systems improve land use efficiency as well as preserve, recover and increment or soil fertility. The aim of this research was to evaluate how different doses of nitrogen fertilization can affect production and quality of dual purpose wheat submitted to grazing. The experimental designed was randomized block with five treatments (0, 75, 150, 225 and 300 Kg N ha-1, like ammonium nitrate) and four repetitions. The forage yield, the percentage crude protein (P=.0001) and acid detergent insoluble protein (P=.0054) had a linear increased because of the nitrogen addition doses. The crude protein percentage changed the estimate of all soluble carbohydrates (P=.0001) and non-fibrous carbohydrates (P=.0186), but did not influence the, nitrogen detergent fiber corrected with ash and proteins percentage contributing for content cell. The crops production (P=.0001) and the number of kernels per ear (P=.0001) showed significantly difference because of the nitrogen additions dose, increasing the number of fertile flowers. The nitrogen topdressing alters forage production, the chemical composition and the production of dual purpose wheat grains subjected to grazing.Atualmente, é estimulada a prática de Integração Lavoura-Pecuária (ILP) como forma de incrementar a geração de divisas para o Brasil. Os sistemas integrados melhoram a eficiência de uso da terra, bem como preservam, recuperam e/ou incrementam a fertilidade do solo. Objetivou-se avaliar a produção e a composição bromatológica de trigo duplo propósito (TDP) manejado sob pastejo com diferentes doses de nitrogênio em cobertura (DAN): 0, 75, 150, 225 e 300 Kg de N ha-1, sob a forma de nitrato de amônia. Utilizou-se delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. A produção de forragem e os teores de proteína bruta (P=0,001) e proteína insolúvel em detergente ácido aumentaram (P=0,0054) linearmente, em função das DAN. O teor de proteína bruta (P=0,0001) impactou sobre as estimativas de carboidratos totais e de carboidratos não fibrosos, mas não influenciou (P=0,0186) os teores de fibra em detergente neutro corrigidas para cinzas e proteínas contribuindo para manutenção dos teores de conteúdo celular. A produção de grãos P=(0,0001) e o número de grãos por espigas diferiram (P=0,0001), em função das DAN, aumentando o número de flores férteis. A adubação nitrogenada em cobertura altera a produção de forragem, a composição bromatológica e a produção de grãos de trigo duplo propósito submetido à pastejo

Crambe cake protein replacing soybean meal protein and its effects on performance, carcass traits and meat quality of lambs

ABSTRACTThe objective was to evaluate different levels of crambe cake (CC) protein (0, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 g/kg DM) as a replacement for soybean meal protein in diets for lambs and their effect on performance, carcass traits and meat quality. Forty not castrated crossbred male lambs, weighing 20 ± 3.45 kg, were settled in a completely randomized design with eight replicates per treatment. Final body weight (BW), dry matter intake per kg BW (DMI), DMI over metabolic weight and average daily gain showed linear decreasing effect (p < 0.05), meanwhile, feed efficiency presented a quadratic effect for replacement levels. There was a quadratic effect with replacement levels of CC protein for hot carcass weight; cold carcass weight; cooling loss index; muscle fat thickness; leg perimeter; leg depth and carcass finishing. Hot carcass yield, carcass length; shoulder clods weight, rib weight and the leg weight showed a linear decrease within BW. Bones and muscle weight of shoulder clods showed a decreasing linear effect. Replacing up to 500 g/kg DM of protein of soybean meal protein for CC protein does not affect performance, carcass traits and meat quality

Nutritional evaluation of brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu cultivated in soils developed from basalt and sandstone in the state of parana

Determining the nutritional composition of a pasture is necessary to evaluate its quality, aiming to meet the requirements of feeding animals and guarantee good performance. The quality of the forage biomass produced depends directly on the fertility and type of soil, environmental conditions, and management. In this scenario, the aim was to evaluate the chemical composition, in vitro digestibility of dry matter, and macro- and micronutrient contents of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu cultivated in soils developed from basalt and sandstone in the state of Parana. A total of 120 forage samples were collected in a soil developed from basalt and 116 in soil developed from sandstone. Forage harvesting occurred in autumn and spring for basalt soil (season effect), and in spring (soil effect) for sandstone soil. Soil samples (0-20 cm) were collected in the spring season, at the same forage collection sites, to obtain a greater sample representativity regarding climate-soil-plant relationships. Forage samples were separated in leaf blade and stem + sheath, and analyses of dry matter (DM), mineral matter (MM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), total digestible nutrients (TDN), nitrogen, and macro- and micronutrient contents were performed. In soil samples, the contents of P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, and Zn were analyzed. There were season and soil-type effects on the chemical composition of the cultivar studied. The highest levels of protein, NDF, ADF, lignin, and cellulose were obtained in autumn. In samples from soil developed from basalt, higher levels of hemicellulose, IVDMD, and TDN were obtained in the spring. K, P, Mn, and Zn presented levels within the range recommended for the studied forage, but the values of Ca and Mg in autumn and N in the three studied periods remained below the level considered adequate. Soil nutrient contents were influenced (P < 0.05) by the soil source material, and the highest levels of K, Ca, Mg, Mn, and Zn were observed in soil developed from basalt. Forage cultivated in spring in the soil area developed from basalt, was nutritionally superior in relation to forage cultivated in the soil developed from sandstone

Performance and carcass traits of Nellore cattle fattening on pasture receiving different zinc contents in the mineral supplementation

Objetivou-se estudar o efeito de diferentes teores de Zinco na suplementação mineral de novilhos Nelore em pastagem de Brachiaria brizantha cultivar (cv) MG-4, sobre o desempenho produtivo e características de carcaça. Foram utilizados 28 animais, castrados, com peso vivo médio inicial de 355 kg. Os animais foram divididos ao acaso em quatro grupos e alojados em piquetes de 6,25 hectares cada, equipados com comedouro coberto e bebedouros, sendo pastejados alternadamente a cada pesagem (28 dias). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro dosagens de zinco (Zn) no suplemento mineral e sete repetições. As doses de zinco avaliadas foram: Zn-0, sem adição de Zinco; Zn-2, com 2.000 mg de Zn kg-1; Zn-4, com 4.000 mg de Zn kg-1; e Zn-6, com 6.000 mg de Zn kg-1; sob forma inorgânica (Sulfato de Zinco) no suplemento mineral. Os suplementos minerais foram pesados e fornecidos ad libitum, em cochos cobertos, com controle das sobras para determinação do consumo. O período experimental foi de 370 dias. De cada animal abatido pesaram-se órgãos, vísceras, carcaça e componentes não carcaça. Avaliaram-se a área de olho de lombo (AOL) e espessura da gordura subcutânea (EGSC), bem como a cor, pH e oxidação lipídica. A crescente inclusão do zinco na dieta dos bovinos, não influenciou (P > 0,05) o peso vivo final (PVF) e o ganho de peso médio diário (GPMD). Observou-se diferença (P 0.05) final body weight (FBW) and average daily weight gain (ADWG). Difference (P < 0.05) was observed in the Zn intake (ZnI) (? = -2.09386 + 146.9616x; R2 = 0.99) and hot carcass weight (?= 299.92662 + 3.33362x; R2= 0.24), as well as, in meat lipid oxidation (? = 0.15170 + 0.02539x; R2= 0.31). There was an increasing linear effect for meat color, evaluated by values of L* (luminosity) (? = 32.23309 + 0.41445x, R2 = 0.14), a* (red-green intensity) (? = 0.88592 + 18.16225x, R2 = 0.25) and b* (yellow-blue intensity) (? = 9.35295 + 0.45030x, R2 = 0.20), but remained within normal values for meat. It can be concluded that beef cattle grazing Brachiaria brizantha MG-4, and supplemented with different zinc contents in mineral supplements, supplied ad libitum, do not show changes in weight gain, carcass yield, physical carcass composition, as well as, in non-carcass components, but the Zn content has a positive linear influence on hot carcass weight, without causing changes in absolute and relative weights of organs and viscera

Prediction models of the nutritional quality of fresh and dry Brachiaria brizantha cv. Piatã grass by near infrared spectroscopy

ABSTRACTThis study aimed to generate prediction models to estimate the chemical composition of fresh and dry Brachiaria brizantha cv. Piatã grass using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Chemical analyses of 249 samples were performed to determine oven-dried sample (ODS), dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), cellulose (CEL) and total digestible nutrients (TDN). The samples were scanned in an NIRS spectrometer and different percentages were used to compose and develop the models (100% fresh; 100% dry; 25% fresh:75% dry; 50% fresh:50% dry and 75% fresh:25% dry). The purpose of these mixed models is to know if it is possible to obtain reliable predictions from fresh samples in a database that contains dry samples. The calibration models were developed using modified partial least squares (MPLS) and evaluated by statistical parameters, including coefficient of determination (R²) and residual predictive deviation (RPD). The model with 100% dry samples obtained the best results in R² and RPD validations, for CP (0.94; 3.98), NDF (0.92; 3,49) and TDN (0.90; 3.12). The 100% fresh samples produced the best R² results in ODS (0.83), CP (0.85), ADF (0.84) and ADL (0.83). A screening model was validated to predict the characteristics and components of the fresh samples. The model using 100% dry grass was suitable for predicting all the variables, except ODS, DM and CEL