Theoretical Analysis of the Potential of Silver Carp Hypophthalmichthys Molitrix in the Control of Water Blooming by Different Species of Cyanobacteria

В работе проводится теоретический анализ возможности белого толстолобика (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) контролировать «цветение» водоемов некоторыми видами цианобактерий. Для решения этой задачи построена имитационная модель, описывающая сообщество цианобактерий в абстрактном водоеме. В качестве моделируемых видов выбраны Anabaena flos-aquae и Microcystis aeruginosa. Модельные расчеты показывают, что интродукция рыб в водоем подавляет развитие Anabaena flos-aquae. «Цветение» воды, формируемое Microcystis aeruginosa, наоборот не сдерживается белым толстолобиком. Одной из причин такой реакции Microcystis aeruginosa на зарыбление водоема белым толстолобиком может быть стимуляция роста этого вида после прохождения через кишечник рыб.Таким образом, возможность белого толстолобика контролировать рост цианобактерий в масштабах целого водоема носит видоспецифичный характер, который необходимо учитывать при планировании мероприятий по ликвидации «цветений».The possibility to use silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) in the control of water blooming by cyanobacteria is theoretically analyzed. To attain this goal the dynamic model has been developed, describing communities of two species of cyanobacteria: Anabaena flos-aquae and Microcystis aeruginosa, taking into account direct influence of silver carp on cyanobacteria growth - stimulation of cyanobacteria growth rate and cyanobacteria digestion in fish gut. The calculation results have shown that silver carp influences oppositely the formation of blooming by cyanobacteria species simulated. Reservoir stocking with silver carp inhibits the development of Anabaena flos-aquae species. The development of Microcystis aeruginosa is not constrained by silver carp. Forming blooming outbreaks by this species is possible even with increasing stocking. One of the possible reasons may be the fact that the Microcystis aeruginosa growth is stimulated after passing through fish gut. Therefore, when planning biomanipulations using silver carp it is necessary to take into consideration the relationship between fish and the different species of cyanobacteria. The success of such manipulations depends on what species of cyanobacteria are dominant in the ecosystem in the blooming period

Theoretical Analysis of the Potential of Silver Carp Hypophthalmichthys Molitrix in the Control of Water Blooming by Different Species of Cyanobacteria

В работе проводится теоретический анализ возможности белого толстолобика (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) контролировать «цветение» водоемов некоторыми видами цианобактерий. Для решения этой задачи построена имитационная модель, описывающая сообщество цианобактерий в абстрактном водоеме. В качестве моделируемых видов выбраны Anabaena flos-aquae и Microcystis aeruginosa. Модельные расчеты показывают, что интродукция рыб в водоем подавляет развитие Anabaena flos-aquae. «Цветение» воды, формируемое Microcystis aeruginosa, наоборот не сдерживается белым толстолобиком. Одной из причин такой реакции Microcystis aeruginosa на зарыбление водоема белым толстолобиком может быть стимуляция роста этого вида после прохождения через кишечник рыб.Таким образом, возможность белого толстолобика контролировать рост цианобактерий в масштабах целого водоема носит видоспецифичный характер, который необходимо учитывать при планировании мероприятий по ликвидации «цветений».The possibility to use silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) in the control of water blooming by cyanobacteria is theoretically analyzed. To attain this goal the dynamic model has been developed, describing communities of two species of cyanobacteria: Anabaena flos-aquae and Microcystis aeruginosa, taking into account direct influence of silver carp on cyanobacteria growth - stimulation of cyanobacteria growth rate and cyanobacteria digestion in fish gut. The calculation results have shown that silver carp influences oppositely the formation of blooming by cyanobacteria species simulated. Reservoir stocking with silver carp inhibits the development of Anabaena flos-aquae species. The development of Microcystis aeruginosa is not constrained by silver carp. Forming blooming outbreaks by this species is possible even with increasing stocking. One of the possible reasons may be the fact that the Microcystis aeruginosa growth is stimulated after passing through fish gut. Therefore, when planning biomanipulations using silver carp it is necessary to take into consideration the relationship between fish and the different species of cyanobacteria. The success of such manipulations depends on what species of cyanobacteria are dominant in the ecosystem in the blooming period

Mathematical and Computer Simulation of the Biological Life Support System Module 1/2. Description of the model

The mathematical model based on kinetic coefficients and dependencies obtained during the experiments was constructed to estimate the character of functioning of the experimental module of biological life support system (BLSS) and the possibilities of its controlling. The mathematical model consists of two compartments - the phytotron model (with wheat and radish) and the mycotron model (for mushrooms). The following components are included into the model: edible mushrooms (mushroom fruit bodies and mycelium); wheat; radish; straw (processed by mycelium); dead organic matter in the phytotron (separately for the wheat unit and for the radish unit); worms; worms` coprolites; vermicompost used as a soil-like substrate (SLS); bacterial microflora; mineral nitrogen, phosphorus and iron; products of the system intended for humans (wheat grains, radish roots and mushroom fruit bodies); oxygen and carbon dioxide. At continuous gas exchange, the mass exchange between the compartments occurs at the harvesting time. The conveyor character of the closed ecosystem functioning has been taken into account - the number of culture age groups can be controlled (in experiments and in the model - 4 and 8 age groups). The conveyor cycle duration can be regulated as well. The module was designed for the food and gas exchange requirements of 1\30 of a virtually present human. The model estimates the values of all dynamic components of the system under various conditions and modes of functioning, especially those, which are difficult to be realized in the experiment. The model allows dynamic calculation of biotic turnover closedness coefficient for main considered elements. The coefficient of matter biotic cycle closure for systems based on matter supplies has been formalized.Для оценки характера функционирования экспериментального модуля биологической системы жизнеобеспечения и возможности управления им построена математическая модель, опирающаяся на кинетические коэффициенты и зависимости, полученные в экспериментальных исследованиях. Математическая модель состоит из двух компартментов - моделей «фитотрона» (с пшеницей и с редисом) и модели «микотрона» (для грибов). В модель включены следующие компоненты: пшеница, редис, солома (перерабатываемая мицелием), мертвое органическое вещество в фитотроне, съедобные грибы (плодовые тела и мицелий), черви, продукты жизнедеятельности червей (копролиты), вермикомпост, использующийся как почвоподобный субстрат, бактериальная микрофлора, минеральные формы биогенных элементов (азот, фосфор, железо), продукция системы для человека (зерно пшеницы, корнеплоды редиса, плодовые тела грибов), кислород и углекислый газ. При постоянном газообмене массообмен между компартментами происходит только во время снятия урожая. Учитывается конвейерный характер функционирования замкнутой экосистемы - число возрастов культуры может регулироваться (в эксперименте - четыре и восемь возрастов). Также поддается регулированию длина конвейерного цикла. По пище и газообмену модуль рассчитан на условное присутствие 1/30 доли человека. Модель позволяет оценить значения всех учитываемых динамических компонентов системы при различных условиях и режимах ее функционирования, в частности, при труднореализуемых в эксперименте условиях. Формализован коэффициент замкнутости биотического круговорота вещества для систем на запасах вещества

Mathematical and Computer Simulation of the Biological Life Support System Module 2/2. Verification of the model and scenarios

According to experimental data a dynamic model of biological life support system (BLSS) module was verified. The soil-like substrate (SLS) lies in the basis of this BLSS. The module was designed for requirements of 1/30 of a virtually present human; it involves higher plants, unit for vegetable wastes processing and gas exchange for carbon dioxide and oxygen. Application of the model helped in estimation of variants of system functioning at optimal and non-optimal modes of illumination and according to the number of age groups in the phytoblock. The alternatives of system development at death of a part or the whole wheat phytomass have been demonstrated, the degree of biotic turnover closedness for C and N in different methods of system mass exchange organization has been estimated. BLSS with SLS exceed the system with physico-chemical method of matter oxidation by the degree of matter turnover closedness. From this viewpoint, SLS based experimental module can become the prototype of new generation BLSS with more high closedness of internal matter turnover.По экспериментальным данным верифицирована динамическая модель модуля биологической системы жизнеобеспечения (БСЖО). В основе БСЖО использование почвоподобного субстрата (ППС). Модуль включает высшие растения, блок переработки растительных отходов, газообмен по углекислому газу и кислороду, и по массо-газообмену рассчитан на условное присутствие 1/30 доли человека. При помощи модели оценены варианты функционирования системы при неоптимальном и оптимальном режимах освещенности и по количеству возрастов в фитоблоке, продемонстрированы варианты развития системы для такой критической ситуации как гибель части или всей фитомассы пшеницы, оценена степень замкнутости биотического круговорота по С и N для различных способов организации массооборота системы. БСЖО с ППС по степени замкнутости круговорота вещества имеет преимущество перед системой с физико-химическим способом окисления вещества. В этом смысле экспериментальный модуль (на основе ППС) может послужить прообразом в создании нового поколения БСЖО с повышенным замыканием внутреннего круговорота вещества

CONFORM INSTALLATION STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS DESIGN METHODS

Текст статьи не публикуется в открытом доступе в соответствии с политикой журнала.The technical features in manufacturing press non-ferrous metal articles have been considered via the Conform continuous pressing. Based on an analysis of different types of press equipment, the absence of a connection between the system for fastening the two-part container fixed part (the shoe) and the working wheel shaft has been revealed as a shortcoming specific to many Conform installations. This does not allow observation of a controlled gap between the shoe and the groove bottom during the operation of the installation, which, in turn, breaks the stable feed of the bar billet into the die. The purpose of this operation is to develop a system for fastening the shoe that ensures the stable continuous metal extrusion process. Meanwhile, the task has been set of creating a tough and strong connection between the shoe and the working wheel shaft with the levers and drafts system that reduces the load of the bearings in the housing posts in which the wheel shaft rotates. As a result, the original technical solution of the Conform installation press unit has been developed. The practical use of the design presented in this work will open up new possibilities for manufacturing pressed metal non-ferrous metal products with a permanently high level of properties

CONFORM INSTALLATION STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS DESIGN METHODS

Текст статьи не публикуется в открытом доступе в соответствии с политикой журнала.The technical features in manufacturing press non-ferrous metal articles have been considered via the Conform continuous pressing. Based on an analysis of different types of press equipment, the absence of a connection between the system for fastening the two-part container fixed part (the shoe) and the working wheel shaft has been revealed as a shortcoming specific to many Conform installations. This does not allow observation of a controlled gap between the shoe and the groove bottom during the operation of the installation, which, in turn, breaks the stable feed of the bar billet into the die. The purpose of this operation is to develop a system for fastening the shoe that ensures the stable continuous metal extrusion process. Meanwhile, the task has been set of creating a tough and strong connection between the shoe and the working wheel shaft with the levers and drafts system that reduces the load of the bearings in the housing posts in which the wheel shaft rotates. As a result, the original technical solution of the Conform installation press unit has been developed. The practical use of the design presented in this work will open up new possibilities for manufacturing pressed metal non-ferrous metal products with a permanently high level of properties

CONFORM INSTALLATION STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

The technical features in manufacturing press non-ferrous metal articles have been considered via the Conform continuous pressing. Based on an analysis of different types of press equipment, the absence of a connection between the system for fastening the two-part container fixed part (the shoe) and the working wheel shaft has been revealed as a shortcoming specific to many Conform installations. This does not allow observation of a controlled gap between the shoe and the groove bottom during the operation of the installation, which, in turn, breaks the stable feed of the bar billet into the die. The purpose of this operation is to develop a system for fastening the shoe that ensures the stable continuous metal extrusion process. Meanwhile, the task has been set of creating a tough and strong connection between the shoe and the working wheel shaft with the levers and drafts system that reduces the load of the bearings in the housing posts in which the wheel shaft rotates. As a result, the original technical solution of the Conform installation press unit has been developed. The practical use of the design presented in this work will open up new possibilities for manufacturing pressed metal non-ferrous metal products with a permanently high level of properties

CONFORM INSTALLATION STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

The technical features in manufacturing press non-ferrous metal articles have been considered via the Conform continuous pressing. Based on an analysis of different types of press equipment, the absence of a connection between the system for fastening the two-part container fixed part (the shoe) and the working wheel shaft has been revealed as a shortcoming specific to many Conform installations. This does not allow observation of a controlled gap between the shoe and the groove bottom during the operation of the installation, which, in turn, breaks the stable feed of the bar billet into the die. The purpose of this operation is to develop a system for fastening the shoe that ensures the stable continuous metal extrusion process. Meanwhile, the task has been set of creating a tough and strong connection between the shoe and the working wheel shaft with the levers and drafts system that reduces the load of the bearings in the housing posts in which the wheel shaft rotates. As a result, the original technical solution of the Conform installation press unit has been developed. The practical use of the design presented in this work will open up new possibilities for manufacturing pressed metal non-ferrous metal products with a permanently high level of properties

Mathematical and Computer Simulation of the Biological Life Support System Module 1/2. Description of the model

The mathematical model based on kinetic coefficients and dependencies obtained during the experiments was constructed to estimate the character of functioning of the experimental module of biological life support system (BLSS) and the possibilities of its controlling. The mathematical model consists of two compartments - the phytotron model (with wheat and radish) and the mycotron model (for mushrooms). The following components are included into the model: edible mushrooms (mushroom fruit bodies and mycelium); wheat; radish; straw (processed by mycelium); dead organic matter in the phytotron (separately for the wheat unit and for the radish unit); worms; worms` coprolites; vermicompost used as a soil-like substrate (SLS); bacterial microflora; mineral nitrogen, phosphorus and iron; products of the system intended for humans (wheat grains, radish roots and mushroom fruit bodies); oxygen and carbon dioxide. At continuous gas exchange, the mass exchange between the compartments occurs at the harvesting time. The conveyor character of the closed ecosystem functioning has been taken into account - the number of culture age groups can be controlled (in experiments and in the model - 4 and 8 age groups). The conveyor cycle duration can be regulated as well. The module was designed for the food and gas exchange requirements of 1\30 of a virtually present human. The model estimates the values of all dynamic components of the system under various conditions and modes of functioning, especially those, which are difficult to be realized in the experiment. The model allows dynamic calculation of biotic turnover closedness coefficient for main considered elements. The coefficient of matter biotic cycle closure for systems based on matter supplies has been formalized.Для оценки характера функционирования экспериментального модуля биологической системы жизнеобеспечения и возможности управления им построена математическая модель, опирающаяся на кинетические коэффициенты и зависимости, полученные в экспериментальных исследованиях. Математическая модель состоит из двух компартментов - моделей «фитотрона» (с пшеницей и с редисом) и модели «микотрона» (для грибов). В модель включены следующие компоненты: пшеница, редис, солома (перерабатываемая мицелием), мертвое органическое вещество в фитотроне, съедобные грибы (плодовые тела и мицелий), черви, продукты жизнедеятельности червей (копролиты), вермикомпост, использующийся как почвоподобный субстрат, бактериальная микрофлора, минеральные формы биогенных элементов (азот, фосфор, железо), продукция системы для человека (зерно пшеницы, корнеплоды редиса, плодовые тела грибов), кислород и углекислый газ. При постоянном газообмене массообмен между компартментами происходит только во время снятия урожая. Учитывается конвейерный характер функционирования замкнутой экосистемы - число возрастов культуры может регулироваться (в эксперименте - четыре и восемь возрастов). Также поддается регулированию длина конвейерного цикла. По пище и газообмену модуль рассчитан на условное присутствие 1/30 доли человека. Модель позволяет оценить значения всех учитываемых динамических компонентов системы при различных условиях и режимах ее функционирования, в частности, при труднореализуемых в эксперименте условиях. Формализован коэффициент замкнутости биотического круговорота вещества для систем на запасах вещества

Mathematical and Computer Simulation of the Biological Life Support System Module 2/2. Verification of the model and scenarios

According to experimental data a dynamic model of biological life support system (BLSS) module was verified. The soil-like substrate (SLS) lies in the basis of this BLSS. The module was designed for requirements of 1/30 of a virtually present human; it involves higher plants, unit for vegetable wastes processing and gas exchange for carbon dioxide and oxygen. Application of the model helped in estimation of variants of system functioning at optimal and non-optimal modes of illumination and according to the number of age groups in the phytoblock. The alternatives of system development at death of a part or the whole wheat phytomass have been demonstrated, the degree of biotic turnover closedness for C and N in different methods of system mass exchange organization has been estimated. BLSS with SLS exceed the system with physico-chemical method of matter oxidation by the degree of matter turnover closedness. From this viewpoint, SLS based experimental module can become the prototype of new generation BLSS with more high closedness of internal matter turnover.По экспериментальным данным верифицирована динамическая модель модуля биологической системы жизнеобеспечения (БСЖО). В основе БСЖО использование почвоподобного субстрата (ППС). Модуль включает высшие растения, блок переработки растительных отходов, газообмен по углекислому газу и кислороду, и по массо-газообмену рассчитан на условное присутствие 1/30 доли человека. При помощи модели оценены варианты функционирования системы при неоптимальном и оптимальном режимах освещенности и по количеству возрастов в фитоблоке, продемонстрированы варианты развития системы для такой критической ситуации как гибель части или всей фитомассы пшеницы, оценена степень замкнутости биотического круговорота по С и N для различных способов организации массооборота системы. БСЖО с ППС по степени замкнутости круговорота вещества имеет преимущество перед системой с физико-химическим способом окисления вещества. В этом смысле экспериментальный модуль (на основе ППС) может послужить прообразом в создании нового поколения БСЖО с повышенным замыканием внутреннего круговорота вещества