A note on "Problem of eigenvalues of stochastic Hamiltonian systems with boundary conditions"

The eigenvalue problem of stochastic Hamiltonian systems with boundary conditions was studied by Peng \cite{peng} in 2000. For one-dimensional case, denoting by $\{\lambda_n\}_{n=1}^{\infty}$ all the eigenvalues of such an eigenvalue problem, Peng proved that $\lambda_n\to +\infty$. In this short note, we prove that the growth order of $\lambda_n$ is the same as $n^2$ as $n\to +\infty$. Apart from the interesting of its own, by this result, the statistic period of solutions of FBSDEs can be estimated directly by corresponding coefficients and time duration.Comment: 7 page

Assessment of genetic relationships among Spring Dendrobium cultivars and varietal materials using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis

Spring Dendrobiums have been largely produced as one of the top grade ornamental pot plants due to their various flower colors, multitudinous flowers and graceful flower shape as well as their long period of florescence. Genetic relationships among Spring Dendrobium cultivars, however, have not been documented. This study analyzed the genetic relatedness of 30 commonly grown cultivars or varietal materials using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers with near-infrared fluorescence-labeled primers. Eight EcoRI + 3 bases/MseI + 3 bases primer set combinations were used in this investigation. Each selected primer set generated 113 to 158 scorable fragments. A total of 1102 AFLP fragments were detected, of which 778 were polymorphic (70.6%). An unweighted pair-group method of the arithmetic averages (UPGMA), principal coordinate analysis (PCOA), and bootstrap analysis were used to analyze the genetic relationships. The 30 cultivars were separated into five clusters. Cluster I contains 6 cultivars that are either from Senlan No.1 or Senlan No. 6 with Jaccardfs similarity coefficients ranging from 0.70 to 0.80. All of these 6 cultivars came from Taiwan, and were derived from somaclonal variants or sports. Just 3 cultivars were positioned in cluster II ranging from 0.71 to 0.76, and also originated from Taiwan. Cluster III included 13 cultivars, Jaccardfs similarity coefficients varied from 0.69 to 0.84. Seven cultivars from Senlan No. 15 or eSnowboy Romancef were situated in cluster IV with Jaccardfs similarity coefficients ranging from 0.69 to 0.82. Only eSantana Canaryf was positioned in cluster ‡X with Jaccardfs similarity coefficient at 0.62. This study established the genetic relationships of these commonly cultivated Spring Dendrobiums, and raised a concern over genetic vulnerability of cultivars in this study because of their close genetic similarities.Key words: Spring Dendrobium, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), genetic relationship, cultivars and varietal materials

Feasibility study on the preparation of artificial small blood vessel by fluorinated decellularized rabbit aorta

Objective·To explore the feasibility of fluorinated decellularized rabbit aorta as a small artificial blood vessel for tissue engineering.Methods·The obtained rabbit aorta was decellularized in combination with Triton X-100, sodium deoxycholate (SD), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), DNAse, and RNAse. Hematoxylin-eosin staining (H-E staining), Masson staining and Verhoff-von Gieson staining were performed in the decellularized group and undecellularized group, respectively. The effect of decellularization was identified by field emission scanning electron microscope, and the morphological changes of decellularized blood vessels were observed. The decellularized rabbit aorta was used as the arterialized artificial small vessel scaffold, and the decellularized small vessel intima was modified with liquid perfluorocarbons coating to prepare a new type of artificial small vessel. The characteristic groups of the artificial small vessel were qualitatively and quantitatively determined. The dissipation time of liquid on the inner surface of the vessel and the flow of liquid on the surface of the vessel tilted at 45° were observed to analyze the hydrophobicity of the vessel. The blood vessels in the decellularized group and the fluorinated group were implanted with platelet-rich plasma, incubated, and observed under an electron microscope to evaluate the antiplatelet aggregation in vitro. The balloon pressure pump was connected to the aorta of the undecellularized group, decellularized group and fluoride group for bursting pressure test.Results·Histological observation of blood vessels showed that the combination could effectively remove cells while retaining collagen and elastic fibers, and there was no damage to the intima under the electron microscope. There was no significant difference in the pressure blasting test among the three groups. In the hydrophobicity experiment, the retention time of water droplets on the membrane of the fluorinated group was over 5 min, and no obvious water marks were left on the 45° inclined plate. In the platelet adhesion test, intimal aggregation activated platelets in the decellularized group, while they were inhibited in the fluorinated group.Conclusion·The decellularized blood vessels have good mechanical properties and physical stability by combined decellularization, and the fluorinated coating makes the blood vessels have good anticoagulant and biocompatibility

WTO accession, the changing competitiveness of foreign-financed firms and regional development in Guangdong of southern China

This paper investigates the changing competitiveness of foreign-financed manufacturing firms and its implications for regional development in Guangdong province of southern China in the run-up to World Trade Organization (WTO) accession. It is argued that transnational corporations (TNCs) and some competitive, large-scale, locally-funded firms in Guangdong will triumph after WTO accession. The crowding-out process of small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) in Guangdong will be accelerated in the near future, as they are competing directly with TNCs, and as their competitive advantages are diminishing, due to bureaucratic red tape and the rigorous enforcement of new government policies. Due to close business linkages with local privately-funded firms, the competitiveness and vitality of foreign-financed enterprises will have profound long term effects on the economic development of Guangdong, before and after WTO accession

Break the dead end of dynamic slicing: localizing data and control omission bug

Dynamic slicing is a common way of identifying the root cause when a program fault is revealed. With the dynamic slicing technique, the programmers can follow data and control flow along the program execution trace to the root cause. However, the technique usually fails to work on omission bugs, i.e., the faults which are caused by missing executing some code. In many cases, dynamic slicing over-skips the root cause when an omission bug happens, leading the debugging process to a dead end. In this work, we conduct an empirical study on the omission bugs in the Defects4J bug repository. Our study shows that (1) omission bugs are prevalent (46.4%) among all the studied bugs; (2) there are repeating patterns on causes and fixes of the omission bugs; (3) the patterns of fixing omission bugs serve as a strong hint to break the slicing dead end. Based on our findings, we train a neural network model on the omission bugs in Defects4J repository to recommend where to approach when slicing can no long work. We conduct an experiment by applying our approach on 3193 mutated omission bugs which slicing fails to locate. The results show that our approach outperforms random benchmark on breaking the dead end and localizing the mutated omission bugs (63.8% over 2.8%).No Full Tex