Transparent Flexible Thermoelectric Material Based on Non-toxic Earth-Abundant p-Type Copper Iodide Thin Film

Thermoelectric devices that are flexible and optically transparent hold unique promise for future electronics. However, development of 'invisible' thermoelectric elements is hindered by the lack of p-type transparent thermoelectric materials. Here we present the superior room-temperature thermoelectric performance of p-type transparent copper iodide (CuI) thin films deposited by industrially applicable room-temperature sputtering techniques. The optical transmittance is 60–85% in the visible and near-infrared regions. Large Seebeck coefficients and power factors of the obtained CuI thin films are analyzed based on a single-band model. The low thermal conductivity of the CuI films is attributed to a combined effect of the heavy element iodine and strong phonon scattering. Accordingly, we achieve a large thermoelectric figure of merit of ZT = 0.21 at 300 K for the CuI films, which is three orders of magnitude higher compared with state-of-the-art p-type transparent materials. A transparent and flexible CuI-based thermoelectric element is demonstrated

Potenzial biogener Abfälle im Freistaat Sachsen

Untersucht wurden das tatsächliche und potenzielle Aufkommen und die Behandlung biogener Abfälle und Reststoffe im Freistaat Sachsen. Für die im Haushalt anfallenden Küchen- und Grünschnittabfälle ergibt sich eine potenzielle Sammelmenge von insgesamt 528.759 Mg bzw. 125 kg je Einwohner und Jahr. Für Grünschnitt ergeben sich vor allem im Bereich der Pflegemaßnahmen auf öffentlichen Flächen und der Landschaftspflege Mengenpotenziale für die Verwertung. Mit der Vermeidung von Speiseabfällen, der Intensivierung der Erfassung und der effizienten Verwertung der biogenen Abfälle und Reststoffe zeigen sich positive Effekte auf die Klimabilanz

Law and social theory: three problems

Three theory disasters are the reason why legal doctrine which, particularly in Germany in the early 20th century, had developed a close symbiosis of law and social theory, has immunized itself against the influence of social theory. The alternative to this self-immunization is a distanced approach, whereby the law does not take social theories at their nominal value, but in a complex process of translation generates added value to legal doctrine. The article deals with three problems in the relation between law and social theory. First, competition between theories: how is the law supposed to make a selection if competing social theories give rise to mutually incompatible analyses of social phenomena? Then, knowledge transfer: can the results of social theories be directly applied within the law? Can social theories guide the selection of legal rules and sanctions? Finally, there is the extremely difficult question of the normativity of social theories: can normative criteria for legal practice be derived from social theories? The article uses as an example the problem of horizontal effects of constitutional rights in semi-private networks of medical research.Três desastres da teoria são a razão de a doutrina jurídica que, particularmente na Alemanha no início do século XX, havia desenvolvido uma estreita simbiose de direito e teoria social ter imunizado a si mesma contra a influência desta última. A alternativa para essa autoimunização é uma abordagem distanciada, segundo a qual o direito não toma teorias sociais em seu valor nominal, mas gera, em um complexo processo de tradução, valor agregado à doutrina jurídica. O artigo lida com três problemas na relação entre direito e teoria social. Primeiro, a concorrência entre as teorias: como o direito deve fazer uma seleção se teorias sociais concorrentes dão origem a análises mutuamente incompatíveis de fenômenos sociais? Em seguida, a transferência de conhecimento: os resultados das teorias sociais podem ser aplicados diretamente no âmbito do direito? As teorias sociais podem orientar a seleção das regras e sanções legais? Por fim, há a questão extremamente difícil da normatividade das teorias sociais: critérios normativos para a prática jurídica podem ser derivados de teorias sociais? O artigo usa como exemplo o problema dos efeitos horizontais de direitos constitucionais em redes semiprivadas de pesquisa médica