Oviposition by the Banded Sunflower Moth, \u3ci\u3eCochylis Hospes\u3c/i\u3e (Lepidoptera: Cochylidae) in Response to \u3ci\u3eHelianthus Annuus\u3c/i\u3e Pollen

Oviposition on an artificial substrate by the banded sunflower moth Cochylis hospes Walsingham was examined in response to sunflower pollen (Helianthus annuus) and sunflower pollen extract. Sunflower pollen in quantities as small as 0.2 mg significantly reduced oviposition on an artificial substrate relative to a control without pollen. Aqueous pollen extract applied to the artificial substrate significantly reduced oviposition with respect to the control substrate that was treated with solvent. Banded sunflower moths have gained some reproductive or competitive advantage by ovipositing on the bracts of sunflower and a deterrent effect of pollen could, at least in part, have had functional significance in the development of a behavioral preference for the bracts of the sunflower head as an oviposition site

The Politics of Indigenous Participation Through “Free Prior Informed Consent”: Reflections from the Bolivian Case

This article explores the challenges of ethnic-based participation and its potential for creating inclusive and effective forms of decision-making for marginalized social groups. Empirically, it examines a recent attempt to establish more participative forms of resource and development governance for indigenous communities in Bolivia through Free Prior and Informed Consent/Consultation (FPIC). Rooted in international human rights law, FPIC aims at achieving more effective bottom-up participation by establishing an obligation to consult – or obtain the consent of – indigenous peoples before large development projects and legal reforms that would affect them can proceed. Interest in FPIC initiatives has been growing for reasons that range from efforts to build more equitable management of natural resources to attempts to introduce more effective local-scale practices of participation and active citizenship. We argue that the idea of prior consultation and FPIC itself are not neutral instruments; they will not automatically lead to better or more democratic governance and a more equal society. The way in which FPIC is currently being implemented and framed in Bolivia is in tension with broader ideas of representation and legitimacy, inclusiveness, and management of public and common goods because there is no real clarity as to who is entitled to participation, why they do, and whether they are doing so as a corrective to exclusion, a promotion of citizenship, or as a mechanism for redistribution. As we show here, FPIC implementation can have unintended consequences and consultation can sometimes embed existing social, cultural, and economic tensions. The paper offers some broader reflections on participatory governance and collective rights especially in relation to the tensions between inclusive participation and exclusive rights or – put differently – the challenges for building cultures of participation and inclusion in complex and ethnic diverse democracies

The Return of the State in Argentina

Argentina’s economic collapse in December 2001 is seen as perhaps the most emblematic evidence of the failure of neoliberalism in the developing world to provide sustainable and equitable economic growth. A new policy frame has gradually emerged since the crisis which relies on a more active state in the promotion of growth. This article examines the prospects for state-led growth in Argentina in the context of open markets. It explores the policies implemented since 2002 and asks to what extent they constitute a possible route to stable post-crisis governance.

Environmental Justice at DVRPC: Fiscal Year 2007

In 2001, DVRPC published the . . and Justice for All report to identify impacts of disparate funding and services on defined low-income and minority groups. A methodology was created, refined in subsequent years, to identify populations that may be adversely affected by transportation planning decisions. This report is an annual update of that initial report and catalogues DVRPC's fiscal year 2007 programs and plans that contain Environmental Justice (EJ) elements. Descriptions for each project or program that utilize DVRPC's EJ methodology are discussed, including a TIP analysis and corridor studies. Additional Title VI and Public Outreach efforts are incorporated into this report, as are forthcoming procedures for EJ and Title VI

España, la Unión Europea y América Latina: gobierno e identidad en la creación del 'nuevo' interregionalismo

Las formas contemporáneas de relaciones interregionalistas europeas con países en vías de desarrollo tienen su origen en la década de los setenta. La aparición de lo que se denominó “nuevo interregionalismo” en la década de los noventa en respuesta a la transformación del orden mundial contribuyó, a su vez, a una transformación del interregionalismo. Hanggi (2000) sostiene que, lejos de haber sido sustituidos por el “nuevo interregionalismo”, los acuerdos interregionales multicapa deben considerarse corolarios de éste. Con todo, el “nuevo interregionalismo” se ha explorado relativamente poco hasta el momento. Para la Unión Europea (UE), el “nuevo interregionalismo” ofrece la oportunidad de reforzar los lazos políticos y económicos más allá de Europa, a fin de contrarrestar la hegemonía estadounidense y fomentar un modo de gobierno típicamente europeo para el mundo en vías de desarrollo. Las distintas subregiones de América Latina (América Central, los países andinos y el Cono Sur) y algunos de los países de mayor tamaño de este subcontinente, como México, han constituido tradicionalmente un terreno propicio para el interregionalismo europeo, tal y como muestran una serie de importantes iniciativas políticas, diplomáticas, de desarrollo y construcción de la paz. Los documentos Marco abrieron una fase de difíciles negociaciones entre la UE, el MERCOSUR y Chile, y el progreso fue lento. Alcanzar un acuerdo iba a resultar siempre difícil en vista del proteccionismo agrario tan arraigado en la UE. Otro obstáculo era la crisis interna del MERCOSUR provocada por el precipitado colapso económico de Argentina en 2001. Aun así, en el MERCOSUR se generaron expectativas considerables (y de hecho también fuera de él, en el seno de la sociedad civil europea y los grupos de desarrollo) en torno a la Cumbre de Madrid que reuniría a los jefes de gobierno de Europa y Latinoamérica y que estaba programada para finales de la presidencia española de la UE en junio de 2002. Se esperaba que la segunda reunión de este tipo ofreciera la oportunidad de hacer avanzar el acuerdo de forma significativa o incluso de cerrarlo. En vista de los obstáculos evidentes a dicho acuerdo, semejante optimismo requiere una explicación. Mi opinión es que un examen de la naturaleza de las reivindicaciones identitarias, tanto en el Cono Sur como en Europa, puede proporcionarnos al menos parte de dicha explicación. Por ello, en la segunda parte de este documento, discuto la función que la identidad desempeña en las relaciones UE-Cono Sur

Dendrite Array Disruption by Bubbles during Re-melting in a Microgravity Environment

As part of the Pore Formation and Mobility Investigation (PFMI), Succinonitrile Water alloys consisting of aligned dendritic arrays were re-melted prior to conducting directional solidification experiments in the microgravity environment aboard the International Space Station. Thermocapillary convection initiated by bubbles at the solid-liquid interface during controlled melt back of the alloy was observed to disrupt the initial dendritic alignment. Disruption ranged from detaching large arrays to the transport of small dendrite fragments at the interface. The role of bubble size and origin is discussed along with subsequent consequences upon reinitiating controlled solidification

Microgravity Investigation of Cement Solidification (MICS)

No abstract availabl

Making High-Tensile-Strength Amalgam Components

Structural components made of amalgams can be made to have tensile strengths much greater than previously known to be possible. Amalgams, perhaps best known for their use in dental fillings, have several useful attributes, including room-temperature fabrication, corrosion resistance, dimensional stability, and high compressive strength. However, the range of applications of amalgams has been limited by their very small tensile strengths. Now, it has been discovered that the tensile strength of an amalgam depends critically on the sizes and shapes of the particles from which it is made and, consequently, the tensile strength can be greatly increased through suitable choice of the particles. Heretofore, the powder particles used to make amalgams have been, variously, in the form of micron-sized spheroids or flakes. The tensile reinforcement contributed by the spheroids and flakes is minimal because fracture paths simply go around these particles. However, if spheroids or flakes are replaced by strands having greater lengths, then tensile reinforcement can be increased significantly. The feasibility of this concept was shown in an experiment in which electrical copper wires, serving as demonstration substitutes for copper powder particles, were triturated with gallium by use of a mortar and pestle and the resulting amalgam was compressed into a mold. The tensile strength of the amalgam specimen was then measured and found to be greater than 10(exp 4) psi (greater than about 69 MPa). Much remains to be done to optimize the properties of amalgams for various applications through suitable choice of starting constituents and modification of the trituration and molding processes. The choice of wire size and composition are expected to be especially important. Perusal of phase diagrams of metal mixtures could give insight that would enable choices of solid and liquid metal constituents. Finally, whereas heretofore, only binary alloys have been considered for amalgams, ternary additions to liquid or solid components should be considered as means to impart desired properties to amalgams

Latin American governments have largely ignored the risks facing domestic workers during COVID-19

Millions of Latin American women and girls work outside the home in caring jobs, but despite the best efforts of unions and activists, the extra risks they face due to the COVID crisis have been largely ignored, write Tallulah Lines (University of York) and Jean Grugel (University of York)

Covering a Crucible with Metal Containing Channels

In a procedure that partly resembles the lost-wax casting process, a crucible made of a brittle material (ceramic, quartz, or glass) is covered with a layer of metal containing channels. The metal cover and the channels can serve any or all of several purposes, depending upon the application: Typically, the metal would serve at least partly to reinforce the crucible. The channels could be used as passages for narrow objects that could include thermocouples and heat-transfer strips. Alternatively or in addition, channels could be used as flow paths for liquid or gaseous coolants and could be positioned and oriented for position- or direction-selective cooling. In some cases, the channels could be filled with known gases and sealed so that failure of the crucibles could be indicated by instruments that detect the gases. The process consists of three main steps. In the first step, a pattern defining the channels is formed by wrapping or depositing a material in the desired channel pattern on the outer surface of the crucible. The pattern material can be a plastic, wax, low-ash fibrous material, a soluble material, or other suitable material that can subsequently be removed easily. In a proof-of-concept demonstration (see figure), the crucible was an alumina cylinder and the mold material was plastic tie-down tape. In the second step, the patterned crucible is coated with metal. In one variation of the second step, a very thin layer containing or consisting of an electrically conductive material (e.g., gold, silver, or carbon) is painted or otherwise deposited on the mold-covered crucible, then the covering metal required for the specific application is electrodeposited on the very thin conducting layer. In another variation of the second step, the metal coat is formed by chemical vapor deposition. In the proof-of-concept demonstration, a layer of nickel 0.003 in. ( 0.08 mm) thick was electrodeposited. In the third step, the patterned material is removed. This is generally done by heating the crucible assembly until the patterned material melts and runs out, vaporizes, and/or decomposes to an ash, leaving the channels. Alternatively, if the patterned material is soluble, it can be removed by use of a suitable solvent. In the proof-of-concept demonstration, the tape was burned away by heating the assembly to a temperature of 600 C