4 research outputs found

    Antibiotic resistance associated with bacteria in irrigation water

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    The focus of this project was to characterize the occurrence of ESBL-­‐producing bacteria in two irrigation water ponds in Southern Sweden. Samples were taken from two ponds nearby each other, from which analyses were made based on levels of community and individual isolates. Community samples were used for attempts for characterization of resistance patterns in irrigation water using the Omnilog PM-­‐plate system. The growth of community microbiota in the presence of the following antibiotic substances was assessed; amikacin, gentamicin, kanamycin, penicillin G, ampicillin, piperacillin, trimethoprim, potassium tellurite and ciprofloxacin. Isolates were pure cultured using semi-­‐selective media: LB, Rainbow Agar, mEnterococcus, 0.1 TSA and VRBD. A total of 177 isolates were isolated randomly. Each isolate was identified using the Omnilog GENIII-­‐system of biochemical characterization. Further, the isolates were tested on Brilliance ESBL-­‐agar for their ability to grow. Out of the total number of isolates, 30 were selected, preferably Enterobacteriaceae or Pseudomonas spp., based on their high similarity to library strain during the identification in the Omnilog-­‐system. These were further characterized using Etest-­‐sticks. Three selected strains were picked for further analyses using exogenous isolation for attempts to simulate horizontal gene transfer, and Omnilog PM-­‐panels containing various antibiotics of interest. Selections of samples were chosen for molecular tests targeting plasmid-­‐borne resistance genes CTX-­‐M1, CTX-­‐M2 and SHV. The method for assessing community-­‐resistance patterns showed ambiguous data that was difficult to interpret; further optimization is recommended. For all tested PM-­‐plates, generally greatest differences between substances were found among wells with the strongest concentration of antibiotic substance. A total of 175 isolates displayed ability to grow on ESBL-­‐agar. Etests confirmed ability of isolates to resist many ÎČ-­‐lactam antibiotics and many were clinically resistant to certain substances. No plasmids were transferred during exogenous isolation. During molecular tests, a few matches were found for the CTX-­‐M1 gene. Isolates analyzed with Omnilog PM-­‐plates showed resistance to most compounds tested. The isolates showed greatest resistance toward penicillin G, ampicillin, amikacin, kanamycin and trimethoprim. In the study, it was established that resistance among bacteria was frequently occurring in the irrigation water, and ÎČ-­‐lactamase producing bacteria was very common. Extended studies are needed to assess the frequency-­‐ and occurrence of horizontal gene transfer (HGF) in this environment. Although some potential corresponding data is found, it is at this point not possible to\ud determine whether the resistances are due to antibiotics used in veterinary medicine, human medicine or one additional reason is travel and trade. in irrigation water using the Omnilog PM-­‐plate system. The growth of community microbiota in the presence of the following antibiotic substances was assessed; amikacin, gentamicin, kanamycin, penicillin G, ampicillin, piperacillin, trimethoprim, potassium tellurite and ciprofloxacin. Isolates were pure cultured using semi-­‐selective media: LB, Rainbow Agar, mEnterococcus, 0.1 TSA and VRBD. A total of 177 isolates were isolated randomly. Each isolate was identified using the Omnilog GENIII-­‐system of biochemical characterization. Further, the isolates were tested on Brilliance ESBL-­‐agar for their ability to grow. Out of the total number of isolates, 30 were selected, preferably Enterobacteriaceae or Pseudomonas spp., based on their high similarity to library strain during the identification in the Omnilog-­‐system. These were further characterized using Etest-­‐sticks. Three selected strains were picked for further analyses using exogenous isolation for attempts to simulate horizontal gene transfer, and Omnilog PM-­‐panels containing various antibiotics of interest. Selections of samples were chosen for molecular tests targeting plasmid-­‐borne resistance genes CTX-­‐M1, CTX-­‐M2 and SHV. The method for assessing community-­‐resistance patterns showed ambiguous data that was difficult to interpret; further optimization is recommended. For all tested PM-­‐plates, generally greatest differences between substances were found among wells with the strongest concentration of antibiotic substance. A total of 175 isolates displayed ability to grow on ESBL-­‐agar. Etests confirmed ability of isolates to resist many ÎČ-­‐lactam antibiotics and many were clinically resistant to certain substances. No plasmids were transferred during exogenous isolation. During molecular tests, a few matches were found for the CTX-­‐M1 gene. Isolates analyzed with Omnilog PM-­‐plates showed resistance to most compounds tested. The isolates showed greatest resistance toward penicillin G, ampicillin, amikacin, kanamycin and trimethoprim. In the study, it was established that resistance among bacteria was frequently occurring in the irrigation water, and ÎČ-­‐lactamase producing bacteria was very common. Extended studies are needed to assess the frequency-­‐ and occurrence of horizontal gene transfer (HGF) in this environment. Although some potential corresponding data is found, it is at this point not possible to determine whether the resistances are due to antibiotics used in veterinary medicine, human medicine or one additional reason is travel and trade.MĂ„let med detta projekt var att karaktĂ€risera förekomsten av ESBL-­‐producerande bakterier i bevattningsvatten i södra Sverige. Prover togs frĂ„n tvĂ„ nĂ€rbelĂ€gna bevattningsdammar, frĂ„n vilka analyser gjordes pĂ„ enskilda isolat och direkta prover. De prover som anvĂ€ndes utan att selektera fram enskilda isolat anvĂ€ndes för att testa-­‐ och utvĂ€rdera en metod för karakterisering av resistensmönster i bevattningsvatten med hjĂ€lp av Omnilogs system med PM-­‐plattor. I detta test bedömdes tillvĂ€xten av mikroorganismerna i nĂ€rvaro av följande antibiotiska Ă€mnen: amikacin, gentamicin, kanamycin, penicillin G, ampicillin, piperacillin, trimetoprim, kalium tellurit och ciprofloxacin. Ur samma prover isolerade enskilda isolat pĂ„ följande medium: LB, Rainbow Agar, mEnterococcus, 0,1 TSA och VRBD. Totalt isolerades 177 stammar vilka plockades baserat pĂ„ utseende pĂ„ media, dĂ€r heterogenitet i insamlat material var mĂ„let. Varje isolat identifierades med anvĂ€ndning av Omnilog GENIII-­‐system av biokemisk karakterisering. Vidare var isolaten testades pĂ„ Brilliance ESBL-­‐agar för deras förmĂ„ga att vĂ€xa genom att producera betalaktamaser. Av det totala antalet isolat var valdes 30 stycken, företrĂ€desvis Enterobacteriaceae eller Pseudomonas spp., baserat pĂ„ likhet med modellorganismer under identifieringen i Omnilog-­‐systemet. Dessa isolat karaktĂ€riserades ytterligare med Etest-­‐stickor. UtifrĂ„n dessa tester valdes tre stammar för ytterligare analyser dĂ€r försök gjordes att överföra plasmider i en ansats att simulera horisontell genöverföring. Isolaten testades ocksĂ„ med Omnilog PM-­‐paneler med olika antibiotika av intresse. Ett antal isolat valdes Ă€ven för molekylĂ€ra tester med PCR dĂ€r man sökte efter de plasmidburna resistensgenerna CTX-­‐M1, CTX-­‐M2 och SHV. Data frĂ„n tester pĂ„ den totala mikrofloran var svĂ„r att tolka; för att utveckla metoden till ett tillförlitligt verktyg krĂ€vs vidare optimering. För alla test med PM-­‐plattor (total microbiota och enskilda isolat) visades största skillnader mellan olika antibiotika i brunnar med starkast koncentration. Totalt uppvisade 175 isolat förmĂ„ga att vĂ€xa pĂ„ ESBL-­‐agar. E-­‐tester bekrĂ€ftade resistens hos isolat mot ÎČ-­‐laktam-­‐antibiotika. MĂ„nga av dessa var kliniskt resistenta. Inga plasmider överfördes under exogen isolering. Under molekylĂ€ra tester har nĂ„gra trĂ€ffar för CTX-­‐M1 genen hos de utvalda isolaten, men inte för de andra generna. Isolaten som analyserades med Omnilog PM-­‐plattor visade resistens mot de flesta testade substanserna. Isolaten visade störst resistens mot penicillin G, ampicillin, amikacin, kanamycin och trimetoprim. I studien konstaterades att resistens bland bakterier var vanligt i bevattningsvattnet och att bakterier resistenta mot ÎČ-­‐laktam-­‐antibiotika var mycket vanligt. Vidare studier behövs för att bedöma frekvens-­‐och förekomsten av horisontell genöverföring (HGF) i denna miljö. Även angĂ„ende utredning av orsak till uppkomsten av resistens krĂ€vs mer undersökningar. Data som erhĂ„llits skulle kunna visar att resistens finns mot substanser som Ă€r vanliga inom veterinĂ€rmedicin (t ex penicillin G). Dock Ă€r dessa substanser Ă€ven vanliga inom humanmedicin vilket gör att det inte gĂ„r att dra nĂ„gon slutsats angĂ„ende resistensens ursprung utifrĂ„n data i denna studie. Spridning av bakterier med ESBL-­‐resistens har Ă€ven visats ske via mĂ€nniskor som exponeras-­‐ och blir bĂ€rare av resistenta bakterier via exempelvis resor. Studier visar ocksĂ„ att resistenta bakterier sprids via transport-­‐ och handel med varor och djur

    Use of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) hulls as substrate for Pleurotus ostreatus – Potential for combined mushroom and feed production

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    A circular concept involving use of faba bean hulls for production of oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm.) and the post-harvest residues for feed purposes was evaluated. Faba bean hulls are a waste remaining after the beans are dehulled to decrease the content of anti-nutritional factors and increase the food value of the beans. Faba bean hulls proved very suitable as substrate for production of oyster mushrooms, with biological efficiency of 109 ± 28%. The fruiting bodies produced were comparable to commercially sold mushrooms in terms of morphology, protein content, protein quality, and chemical composition. After mushroom harvest, 48.4 ± 0.6% of initial dry weight (dwt) of the substrate remained and showed significant changes in proximate composition, with an increase in protein concentration from 207.9 ± 8.6 to 346.6 ± 16.5 g kg−1 dwt and a significant increase in 14 of 16 amino acids analyzed, including methionine. Concentrations of the anti-nutritional compounds vicine and convicine were below the detection limit after mushroom harvest, while their initial concentration was 5.7 ± 0.1 and 1.4 ± 0.04 g kg−1 dwt, respectively. Tannin concentration was reduced by approximately 50%, to a final level of 9.0 ± 1.6 g kg−1 dwt. Comparison of the spent mushroom substrate with a commonly used feedstuff for pigs indicated potential for the spent substrate to be a valuable protein source in pig diets. This study demonstrates the potential for achieving complete circular use of agro waste and has implications for development of production systems well suited in the biobased society

    Terroir BjÀre

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    Vin Ă€r en relativ ny gröda i Sverige, i och med att den Ă€r beroende av en lĂ„ng vĂ€xtsĂ€song. BjĂ€rehalvön (BĂ„stads kommun) Ă€r kĂ€nd för sin tidiga vĂ€xtsĂ€song (t.ex. för odling av fĂ€rskpotatis) och det bidrog till att idĂ©n att provodla vitvin dĂ€r. Bröddarp som ligger 3 km ifrĂ„n halvöns vĂ€stra kust föddes. Fyra lokaler (försöksytor, parceller) valdes och tre typer av markskötsel (öppen jord, marktĂ€ckning med folie, marktĂ€ckning med sten) testades under etableringsfasen i syfte att förbĂ€ttra platsens förutsĂ€ttningar. Det lĂ„ngsiktiga ursprungliga mĂ„let med försöksupplĂ€gget var att studera pĂ„verkan av olika markbehandlingar pĂ„ druvmognaden och –kvaliteten. Fyra vitvinssorter (Ortega, Pinot gris, Siegerrebe och Solaris) provodlades. I föreliggande rapport redovisas olika definitioner för terroir. Platsens klimatiska förutsĂ€ttningar (solens instrĂ„lningsvinkel, globalstrĂ„lning, lufttemperatur, graddagar, heliotermiskt och niktotermiskt index, nederbörd, marktemperatur) analyserades. Med undantag av marktemperaturen baserades de flesta klimatiska parametrar pĂ„ en tioĂ„rsperiod, frĂ„n 2004-2013. Utöver detta studerades dynamiken i halten organisk substans och kvĂ€vemineralisering. Vinplantornas tillvĂ€xt och utveckling samt förmĂ„ga att motstĂ„ kyla under vintern registrerades. DĂ€remot gĂ„r föreliggande observationsförsök inte in pĂ„ frĂ„gor relaterade till markens vattenförhĂ„llande – detta pĂ„ grund av forskningsfinansiella övervĂ€ganden. En grov skattning avminimikraven för odling av vin Ă€r enligt MĂŒller et al. (20) ‱ Årsmedeltemperatur ≄ 9 °C ‱ Vegetationstidens lĂ€ngd (period mellan sista vĂ„rfrost till första höstfrost) > 180 dagar ‱ Medeltemperatur under vegetationsperioden (april-oktober) ≄ 13 °C ‱ Medeltemperatur under Ă„rets varmaste mĂ„nad ≄ 18 °C ‱ Graddagar under vegetationsperioden > 1000 ‱ Minst 1300 soltimmar med minst 200000 J cm-2 ‱ lĂ€gsta vintertemperatur <-20 °C. Dessa hörnsten i skattningen tar inte hĂ€nsyn till samtliga biotiska och abiotiska faktorer och samspelen dem emellan. Detta Ă€r mycket viktigt att hĂ„lla i Ă„tanke. VĂ„r analys visar att Ă„rsmedeltemperaturen ≄ 9 °C enbart uppnĂ„ddes enbart under tre av tio Ă„r under perioden 2004-2013. Zenitvinkeln var som högst 57°. Vegetationsperiodens lĂ€ngd översteg nĂ€stan alltid 180 dagar med god marginal och medeltemperaturen under perioden april-oktober var 13.35 °C. DĂ€remot uppnĂ„ddes enbart under sex av tio Ă„r en medeltemperatur ≄ 18 °C under Ă„rets varmaste mĂ„nad (juli respektive augusti). Endast Ă„r 2006 klĂ€ttrade antalet graddagar > 1000. DĂ€remot lĂ„g den heliotermiska indexen vid grĂ€nsen av odlingslĂ€mplighet för vin (HI: 1502 ± 156), och den niktotermiska indexen, d.v.s. genomsnitt av lĂ€gsta nattemperatur under september mĂ„nad (CI) pĂ„ 11.6 ± 1.02 °C. Antal solskenstimmar under mĂ„naderna april till oktober lĂ„g i genomsnitt >1300, men vi har inget underlag vad gĂ€ller strĂ„lningsintensiteten. DĂ€rför kan detta krav inte avgöras. Relationen mellan solskenstimmar och graddagar Ă€r en viktig avkastningsbildande parameter; och antalet solskenstimmar var alltid större Ă€n antalet graddagar. LĂ€gsta vintertemperatur under -20 °C registrerades vid inget tillfĂ€lle. Under observationsperioden var det nĂ€stan aldrig vindstilla; den dominanta vindhastigheten lĂ„g pĂ„ 5-10 m s-1. Vinden blĂ„ste frĂ€mst ur sydlig, sydvĂ€stlig och vĂ€stlig riktning. MarktĂ€ckning pĂ„verkade inte marktemperaturen. PĂ„ sĂ„ sĂ€tt faststĂ€lldes inte heller nĂ„gra skillnader vad gĂ€ller dynamiken i organisk substans eller halten mineraliserat kvĂ€ve (ammonium, nitrat), dĂ„ prover togs i tvĂ„ markdjup (0-30 cm; 30-60 cm). Siegerrebe och Solaris visade den starkaste respektive svagaste tillvĂ€xten under första etableringsĂ„ret. Solaris acklimatiserade sig dĂ€remot bĂ€st till kalla betingelser och visade starkaste hĂ€rdighet. För Solaris noterades ocksĂ„ den största stamdiametern efter andra odlingsĂ„ret, medan stamdiametern hos Siegerrebe var klenast. Att döma utifrĂ„n stamdiametern var vinsorternas tillvĂ€xt bĂ€st pĂ„ pĂ„ yta 3

    Impact of the source of organic manure on persistence of E. coli O157:H7 gfp+ in rocket (Diplotaxis tenuifolia) and Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris cicla)

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    The influence of organic nitrogen sources on the establishment of E. coil 0157:H7 and the occurrence of other potentially human pathogenic bacteria on baby leaf salads was evaluated. Greenhouse-grown rocket and Swiss chard were spray-inoculated with gfp-tagged E. coil 0157:H7 twice a week from when their first true leaves reached a length of 2 cm until three days before harvest. Analysis of nitrogen content in leaves revealed differences between treatments. Untreated plants had the lowest values, followed by plants fertilized with pig hair pellets and chicken manure. The same pattern was seen for the growth medium at the day of harvest. The applied strain showed similar establishment (measured using culture-dependent methods) irrespective of treatment, but Swiss chard hosted significantly more E. coli 0157:H7 than rocket. Differences in the risk of infection were found for the crops, with plants fertilized with pig hair pellets showing a slightly higher risk. No relationship was found for total nitrogen content in leaves and colonization with E. coli 0157:H7 gfp+. Isolating dominant Enterobacteriaceae from leaves, some strains showed conformity to bacterial species that have previously been identified to influence the establishment of E. coli 0157:H7 in the phyllosphere. In this study, no inhibitory effects were observed in vitro.Colonies showing matching characteristics for Listeria spp. and Salmonella spp. were detected up to 5.5 and 5 log CFU g(-1) fresh weight, respectively. However, presumptive Listeria spp. and Salmonella spp. could not be confirmed by sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
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