4 research outputs found
Antibiotic resistance associated with bacteria in irrigation water
The
focus
of
this
project
was
to
characterize
the
occurrence
of
ESBL-Ââproducing
bacteria
in
two
irrigation
water
ponds
in
Southern
Sweden.
Samples
were
taken
from
two
ponds
nearby
each
other,
from
which
analyses
were
made
based
on
levels
of
community
and
individual
isolates.
Community
samples
were
used
for
attempts
for
characterization
of
resistance
patterns
in
irrigation
water
using
the
Omnilog
PM-Ââplate
system.
The
growth
of
community
microbiota
in
the
presence
of
the
following
antibiotic
substances
was
assessed;
amikacin,
gentamicin,
kanamycin,
penicillin
G,
ampicillin,
piperacillin,
trimethoprim,
potassium
tellurite
and
ciprofloxacin.
Isolates
were
pure
cultured
using
semi-Ââselective
media:
LB,
Rainbow
Agar,
mEnterococcus,
0.1
TSA
and
VRBD.
A
total
of
177
isolates
were
isolated
randomly.
Each
isolate
was
identified
using
the
Omnilog
GENIII-Ââsystem
of
biochemical
characterization.
Further,
the
isolates
were
tested
on
Brilliance
ESBL-Ââagar
for
their
ability
to
grow.
Out
of
the
total
number
of
isolates,
30
were
selected,
preferably
Enterobacteriaceae
or
Pseudomonas
spp.,
based
on
their
high
similarity
to
library
strain
during
the
identification
in
the
Omnilog-Ââsystem.
These
were
further
characterized
using
Etest-Ââsticks.
Three
selected
strains
were
picked
for
further
analyses
using
exogenous
isolation
for
attempts
to
simulate
horizontal
gene
transfer,
and
Omnilog
PM-Ââpanels
containing
various
antibiotics
of
interest.
Selections
of
samples
were
chosen
for
molecular
tests
targeting
plasmid-Ââborne
resistance
genes
CTX-ÂâM1,
CTX-ÂâM2
and
SHV.
The
method
for
assessing
community-Ââresistance
patterns
showed
ambiguous
data
that
was
difficult
to
interpret;
further
optimization
is
recommended.
For
all
tested
PM-Ââplates,
generally
greatest
differences
between
substances
were
found
among
wells
with
the
strongest
concentration
of
antibiotic
substance.
A
total
of
175
isolates
displayed
ability
to
grow
on
ESBL-Ââagar.
Etests
confirmed
ability
of
isolates
to
resist
many
ÎČ-Ââlactam
antibiotics
and
many
were
clinically
resistant
to
certain
substances.
No
plasmids
were
transferred
during
exogenous
isolation.
During
molecular
tests,
a
few
matches
were
found
for
the
CTX-ÂâM1
gene.
Isolates
analyzed
with
Omnilog
PM-Ââplates
showed
resistance
to
most
compounds
tested.
The
isolates
showed
greatest
resistance
toward
penicillin
G,
ampicillin,
amikacin,
kanamycin
and
trimethoprim.
In
the
study,
it
was
established
that
resistance
among
bacteria
was
frequently
occurring
in
the
irrigation
water,
and
ÎČ-Ââlactamase
producing
bacteria
was
very
common.
Extended
studies
are
needed
to
assess
the
frequency-Ââ
and
occurrence
of
horizontal
gene
transfer
(HGF)
in
this
environment.
Although
some
potential
corresponding
data
is
found,
it
is
at
this
point
not
possible
to\ud
determine
whether
the
resistances
are
due
to
antibiotics
used
in
veterinary
medicine,
human
medicine
or
one
additional
reason
is
travel
and
trade.
in
irrigation
water
using
the
Omnilog
PM-Ââplate
system.
The
growth
of
community
microbiota
in
the
presence
of
the
following
antibiotic
substances
was
assessed;
amikacin,
gentamicin,
kanamycin,
penicillin
G,
ampicillin,
piperacillin,
trimethoprim,
potassium
tellurite
and
ciprofloxacin.
Isolates
were
pure
cultured
using
semi-Ââselective
media:
LB,
Rainbow
Agar,
mEnterococcus,
0.1
TSA
and
VRBD.
A
total
of
177
isolates
were
isolated
randomly.
Each
isolate
was
identified
using
the
Omnilog
GENIII-Ââsystem
of
biochemical
characterization.
Further,
the
isolates
were
tested
on
Brilliance
ESBL-Ââagar
for
their
ability
to
grow.
Out
of
the
total
number
of
isolates,
30
were
selected,
preferably
Enterobacteriaceae
or
Pseudomonas
spp.,
based
on
their
high
similarity
to
library
strain
during
the
identification
in
the
Omnilog-Ââsystem.
These
were
further
characterized
using
Etest-Ââsticks.
Three
selected
strains
were
picked
for
further
analyses
using
exogenous
isolation
for
attempts
to
simulate
horizontal
gene
transfer,
and
Omnilog
PM-Ââpanels
containing
various
antibiotics
of
interest.
Selections
of
samples
were
chosen
for
molecular
tests
targeting
plasmid-Ââborne
resistance
genes
CTX-ÂâM1,
CTX-ÂâM2
and
SHV.
The
method
for
assessing
community-Ââresistance
patterns
showed
ambiguous
data
that
was
difficult
to
interpret;
further
optimization
is
recommended.
For
all
tested
PM-Ââplates,
generally
greatest
differences
between
substances
were
found
among
wells
with
the
strongest
concentration
of
antibiotic
substance.
A
total
of
175
isolates
displayed
ability
to
grow
on
ESBL-Ââagar.
Etests
confirmed
ability
of
isolates
to
resist
many
ÎČ-Ââlactam
antibiotics
and
many
were
clinically
resistant
to
certain
substances.
No
plasmids
were
transferred
during
exogenous
isolation.
During
molecular
tests,
a
few
matches
were
found
for
the
CTX-ÂâM1
gene.
Isolates
analyzed
with
Omnilog
PM-Ââplates
showed
resistance
to
most
compounds
tested.
The
isolates
showed
greatest
resistance
toward
penicillin
G,
ampicillin,
amikacin,
kanamycin
and
trimethoprim.
In
the
study,
it
was
established
that
resistance
among
bacteria
was
frequently
occurring
in
the
irrigation
water,
and
ÎČ-Ââlactamase
producing
bacteria
was
very
common.
Extended
studies
are
needed
to
assess
the
frequency-Ââ
and
occurrence
of
horizontal
gene
transfer
(HGF)
in
this
environment.
Although
some
potential
corresponding
data
is
found,
it
is
at
this
point
not
possible
to
determine
whether
the
resistances
are
due
to
antibiotics
used
in
veterinary
medicine,
human
medicine
or
one
additional
reason
is
travel
and
trade.MĂ„let
med
detta
projekt
var
att
karaktÀrisera
förekomsten
av
ESBL-Ââproducerande
bakterier
i
bevattningsvatten
i
södra
Sverige.
Prover
togs
frÄn
tvÄ
nÀrbelÀgna
bevattningsdammar,
frÄn
vilka
analyser
gjordes
pÄ
enskilda
isolat
och
direkta
prover.
De
prover
som
anvÀndes
utan
att
selektera
fram
enskilda
isolat
anvÀndes
för
att
testa-Ââ
och
utvÀrdera
en
metod
för
karakterisering
av
resistensmönster
i
bevattningsvatten
med
hjÀlp
av
Omnilogs
system
med
PM-Ââplattor.
I
detta
test
bedömdes
tillvÀxten
av
mikroorganismerna
i
nÀrvaro
av
följande
antibiotiska
Ă€mnen:
amikacin,
gentamicin,
kanamycin,
penicillin
G,
ampicillin,
piperacillin,
trimetoprim,
kalium
tellurit
och
ciprofloxacin.
Ur
samma
prover
isolerade
enskilda
isolat
pÄ
följande
medium:
LB,
Rainbow
Agar,
mEnterococcus,
0,1
TSA
och
VRBD.
Totalt
isolerades
177
stammar
vilka
plockades
baserat
pÄ
utseende
pÄ
media,
dÀr
heterogenitet
i
insamlat
material
var
mÄlet.
Varje
isolat
identifierades
med
anvÀndning
av
Omnilog
GENIII-Ââsystem
av
biokemisk
karakterisering.
Vidare
var
isolaten
testades
pÄ
Brilliance
ESBL-Ââagar
för
deras
förmÄga
att
vÀxa
genom
att
producera
betalaktamaser.
Av
det
totala
antalet
isolat
var
valdes
30
stycken,
företrÀdesvis
Enterobacteriaceae
eller
Pseudomonas
spp.,
baserat
pÄ
likhet
med
modellorganismer
under
identifieringen
i
Omnilog-Ââsystemet.
Dessa
isolat
karaktÀriserades
ytterligare
med
Etest-Ââstickor.
UtifrÄn
dessa
tester
valdes
tre
stammar
för
ytterligare
analyser
dÀr
försök
gjordes
att
överföra
plasmider
i
en
ansats
att
simulera
horisontell
genöverföring.
Isolaten
testades
ocksÄ
med
Omnilog
PM-Ââpaneler
med
olika
antibiotika
av
intresse.
Ett
antal
isolat
valdes
Ă€ven
för
molekylÀra
tester
med
PCR
dÀr
man
sökte
efter
de
plasmidburna
resistensgenerna
CTX-ÂâM1,
CTX-ÂâM2
och
SHV.
Data
frÄn
tester
pÄ
den
totala
mikrofloran
var
svÄr
att
tolka;
för
att
utveckla
metoden
till
ett
tillförlitligt
verktyg
krÀvs
vidare
optimering.
För
alla
test
med
PM-Ââplattor
(total
microbiota
och
enskilda
isolat)
visades
största
skillnader
mellan
olika
antibiotika
i
brunnar
med
starkast
koncentration.
Totalt
uppvisade
175
isolat
förmÄga
att
vÀxa
pÄ
ESBL-Ââagar.
E-Ââtester
bekrÀftade
resistens
hos
isolat
mot
ÎČ-Ââlaktam-Ââantibiotika.
MĂ„nga
av
dessa
var
kliniskt
resistenta.
Inga
plasmider
överfördes
under
exogen
isolering.
Under
molekylÀra
tester
har
nÄgra
trÀffar
för
CTX-ÂâM1
genen
hos
de
utvalda
isolaten,
men
inte
för
de
andra
generna.
Isolaten
som
analyserades
med
Omnilog
PM-Ââplattor
visade
resistens
mot
de
flesta
testade
substanserna.
Isolaten
visade
störst
resistens
mot
penicillin
G,
ampicillin,
amikacin,
kanamycin
och
trimetoprim.
I
studien
konstaterades
att
resistens
bland
bakterier
var
vanligt
i
bevattningsvattnet
och
att
bakterier
resistenta
mot
ÎČ-Ââlaktam-Ââantibiotika
var
mycket
vanligt.
Vidare
studier
behövs
för
att
bedöma
frekvens-Ââoch
förekomsten
av
horisontell
genöverföring
(HGF)
i
denna
miljö.
Ăven
angÄende
utredning
av
orsak
till
uppkomsten
av
resistens
krÀvs
mer
undersökningar.
Data
som
erhÄllits
skulle
kunna
visar
att
resistens
finns
mot
substanser
som
Ă€r
vanliga
inom
veterinÀrmedicin
(t
ex
penicillin
G).
Dock
Ă€r
dessa
substanser
Ă€ven
vanliga
inom
humanmedicin
vilket
gör
att
det
inte
gÄr
att
dra
nÄgon
slutsats
angÄende
resistensens
ursprung
utifrÄn
data
i
denna
studie.
Spridning
av
bakterier
med
ESBL-Ââresistens
har
Ă€ven
visats
ske
via
mÀnniskor
som
exponeras-Ââ
och
blir
bÀrare
av
resistenta
bakterier
via
exempelvis
resor.
Studier
visar
ocksÄ
att
resistenta
bakterier
sprids
via
transport-Ââ
och
handel
med
varor
och
djur
Use of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) hulls as substrate for Pleurotus ostreatus â Potential for combined mushroom and feed production
A circular concept involving use of faba bean hulls for production of oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm.) and the post-harvest residues for feed purposes was evaluated. Faba bean hulls are a waste remaining after the beans are dehulled to decrease the content of anti-nutritional factors and increase the food value of the beans. Faba bean hulls proved very suitable as substrate for production of oyster mushrooms, with biological efficiency of 109 ± 28%. The fruiting bodies produced were comparable to commercially sold mushrooms in terms of morphology, protein content, protein quality, and chemical composition. After mushroom harvest, 48.4 ± 0.6% of initial dry weight (dwt) of the substrate remained and showed significant changes in proximate composition, with an increase in protein concentration from 207.9 ± 8.6 to 346.6 ± 16.5 g kgâ1 dwt and a significant increase in 14 of 16 amino acids analyzed, including methionine. Concentrations of the anti-nutritional compounds vicine and convicine were below the detection limit after mushroom harvest, while their initial concentration was 5.7 ± 0.1 and 1.4 ± 0.04 g kgâ1 dwt, respectively. Tannin concentration was reduced by approximately 50%, to a final level of 9.0 ± 1.6 g kgâ1 dwt. Comparison of the spent mushroom substrate with a commonly used feedstuff for pigs indicated potential for the spent substrate to be a valuable protein source in pig diets. This study demonstrates the potential for achieving complete circular use of agro waste and has implications for development of production systems well suited in the biobased society
Terroir BjÀre
Vin Ă€r en relativ ny gröda i Sverige, i och med att den Ă€r beroende av en lĂ„ng vĂ€xtsĂ€song. BjĂ€rehalvön (BĂ„stads kommun) Ă€r kĂ€nd för sin tidiga vĂ€xtsĂ€song (t.ex. för odling av fĂ€rskpotatis) och det bidrog till att idĂ©n att provodla vitvin dĂ€r. Bröddarp som ligger 3 km ifrĂ„n halvöns vĂ€stra kust föddes. Fyra lokaler (försöksytor, parceller) valdes och tre typer av markskötsel (öppen jord, marktĂ€ckning med folie, marktĂ€ckning med sten) testades under etableringsfasen i syfte att förbĂ€ttra platsens förutsĂ€ttningar. Det lĂ„ngsiktiga ursprungliga mĂ„let med försöksupplĂ€gget var att studera pĂ„verkan av olika markbehandlingar pĂ„ druvmognaden och âkvaliteten. Fyra vitvinssorter (Ortega, Pinot gris, Siegerrebe och Solaris) provodlades.
I föreliggande rapport redovisas olika definitioner för terroir. Platsens klimatiska förutsĂ€ttningar (solens instrĂ„lningsvinkel, globalstrĂ„lning, lufttemperatur, graddagar, heliotermiskt och niktotermiskt index, nederbörd, marktemperatur) analyserades. Med undantag av marktemperaturen baserades de flesta klimatiska parametrar pĂ„ en tioĂ„rsperiod, frĂ„n 2004-2013. Utöver detta studerades dynamiken i halten organisk substans och kvĂ€vemineralisering. Vinplantornas tillvĂ€xt och utveckling samt förmĂ„ga att motstĂ„ kyla under vintern registrerades. DĂ€remot gĂ„r föreliggande observationsförsök inte in pĂ„ frĂ„gor relaterade till markens vattenförhĂ„llande â detta pĂ„ grund av forskningsfinansiella övervĂ€ganden.
En grov skattning avminimikraven för odling av vin Ă€r enligt MĂŒller et al. (20)
âą Ă
rsmedeltemperatur ℠9 °C
⹠Vegetationstidens lÀngd (period mellan sista vÄrfrost till första höstfrost) > 180 dagar
⹠Medeltemperatur under vegetationsperioden (april-oktober) ℠13 °C
⹠Medeltemperatur under Ärets varmaste mÄnad ℠18 °C
âą Graddagar under vegetationsperioden > 1000
âą Minst 1300 soltimmar med minst 200000 J cm-2
⹠lÀgsta vintertemperatur <-20 °C.
Dessa hörnsten i skattningen tar inte hÀnsyn till samtliga biotiska och abiotiska faktorer och samspelen dem emellan. Detta Àr mycket viktigt att hÄlla i Ätanke.
VÄr analys visar att Ärsmedeltemperaturen ℠9 °C enbart uppnÄddes enbart under tre av tio Är under perioden 2004-2013. Zenitvinkeln var som högst 57°. Vegetationsperiodens lÀngd översteg nÀstan alltid 180 dagar med god marginal och medeltemperaturen under perioden april-oktober var 13.35 °C. DÀremot uppnÄddes enbart under sex av tio Är en medeltemperatur ℠18 °C under Ärets varmaste mÄnad (juli respektive augusti). Endast Är 2006 klÀttrade antalet graddagar > 1000. DÀremot lÄg den heliotermiska indexen vid grÀnsen av odlingslÀmplighet för vin (HI: 1502 ± 156), och den niktotermiska indexen, d.v.s. genomsnitt av lÀgsta nattemperatur under september mÄnad (CI) pÄ 11.6 ± 1.02 °C. Antal solskenstimmar under mÄnaderna april till oktober lÄg i genomsnitt >1300, men vi har inget underlag vad gÀller strÄlningsintensiteten. DÀrför kan detta krav inte avgöras. Relationen mellan solskenstimmar och graddagar Àr en viktig avkastningsbildande parameter; och antalet solskenstimmar var alltid större Àn antalet graddagar. LÀgsta vintertemperatur under -20 °C registrerades vid inget tillfÀlle. Under observationsperioden var det nÀstan aldrig vindstilla; den dominanta vindhastigheten lÄg pÄ 5-10 m s-1. Vinden blÄste frÀmst ur sydlig, sydvÀstlig och vÀstlig riktning.
MarktÀckning pÄverkade inte marktemperaturen. PÄ sÄ sÀtt faststÀlldes inte heller nÄgra skillnader vad gÀller dynamiken i organisk substans eller halten mineraliserat kvÀve (ammonium, nitrat), dÄ prover togs i tvÄ markdjup (0-30 cm; 30-60 cm).
Siegerrebe och Solaris visade den starkaste respektive svagaste tillvÀxten under första etableringsÄret. Solaris acklimatiserade sig dÀremot bÀst till kalla betingelser och visade starkaste hÀrdighet. För Solaris noterades ocksÄ den största stamdiametern efter andra odlingsÄret, medan stamdiametern hos Siegerrebe var klenast. Att döma utifrÄn stamdiametern var vinsorternas tillvÀxt bÀst pÄ pÄ yta 3
Impact of the source of organic manure on persistence of E. coli O157:H7 gfp+ in rocket (Diplotaxis tenuifolia) and Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris cicla)
The influence of organic nitrogen sources on the establishment of E. coil 0157:H7 and the occurrence of other potentially human pathogenic bacteria on baby leaf salads was evaluated. Greenhouse-grown rocket and Swiss chard were spray-inoculated with gfp-tagged E. coil 0157:H7 twice a week from when their first true leaves reached a length of 2 cm until three days before harvest. Analysis of nitrogen content in leaves revealed differences between treatments. Untreated plants had the lowest values, followed by plants fertilized with pig hair pellets and chicken manure. The same pattern was seen for the growth medium at the day of harvest. The applied strain showed similar establishment (measured using culture-dependent methods) irrespective of treatment, but Swiss chard hosted significantly more E. coli 0157:H7 than rocket. Differences in the risk of infection were found for the crops, with plants fertilized with pig hair pellets showing a slightly higher risk. No relationship was found for total nitrogen content in leaves and colonization with E. coli 0157:H7 gfp+. Isolating dominant Enterobacteriaceae from leaves, some strains showed conformity to bacterial species that have previously been identified to influence the establishment of E. coli 0157:H7 in the phyllosphere. In this study, no inhibitory effects were observed in vitro.Colonies showing matching characteristics for Listeria spp. and Salmonella spp. were detected up to 5.5 and 5 log CFU g(-1) fresh weight, respectively. However, presumptive Listeria spp. and Salmonella spp. could not be confirmed by sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved