Quantification of Iodine Supply: Representative Data on Intake and Urinary Excretion of Iodine from the German Population in 1996

Background/Methods: In Germany, iodine deficiency is common. In a representative group of 2,500 Germans (age >13 years), using a specially designed food questionnaire, the iodine intake was calculated. In addition, iodine and creatinine concentrations in spot urine samples were determined in three groups with a possibly increased risk of iodine deficiency (769 conscripts, 886 pairs of mothers and newborns) or future hyperthyroidism (574 adults, age range 50-70 years) from 26 representative regions. In four groups of controls (young and older male and female adults; n = 91), 24-hour urine iodine and creatinine were measured in six diurnal fractions to calculate group- and period-specific factors for the estimation of the 24-hour iodine excretion from data of iodine/creatinine ratio and time of micturition in spot urine samples. Results: The mean calculated iodine intake (excretion) was 119 mug/day for the group of Germans above 13 years; it was 119 mug/day (125 mug/day) for adults aged 50-70 years, 137 mug/day (125 mug/day)for conscripts, and 162 mug/day for breast-feeding mothers. The median iodine concentration (iodine/creatinine ratio) was 9.4 mug/dl (83 mug/g) in 566 adults aged 50-70 years, 8.3 mug/dl (57 mug/g) in 772 conscripts. and 5.6 mug/dl (156 mug/g) in 739 breast-fed newborns. Conclusions: Compared to older data, the iodine intake in Germany has increased. In 1996, the meticulously quantified average deficit was about 30% of the recommended iodine intake. Copyright (C) 2002 S. Karger AG, Basel

Examination of the Ion Beam Response of III-V Semiconductor Substrates.

This work examines the response of the III-V materials to ion beam irradiation in a series of four experimental studies and describes the observed results in terms of the fundamental materials processes and properties that control ion-induced change in those compounds. Two studies investigate the use of Ga+ focused ion beam (FIB) irradiation of III-V substrate materials to create nanostructures. In the first, the creation of FIB induced group III nanodots on GaAs, InP, InAs, and AlAs is studied. The analysis of those results in terms of basic material properties and a simple nanodot growth model represents the first unified investigation of the fundamental processes that drive the nanodot forming behavior of the III-V compounds. The second nanostructure formation study reports the discovery and characterization of unique spike-like InAs nanostructures, termed “nanospikes,” which may be useful for nanoscale electronic or thermoelectric applications. A novel method for controlling nanospike formation using InAs/InP heterostructures and film pre-patterning is developed, and the electrical properties of these ion erosion created nanostructures are characterized by in-situ TEM nanoprobe testing in a first-of-its-kind examination. The two remaining studies examine methods for using ion beam modification of III-V substrates to accommodate lattice-mismatched film growth with improved film properties. The first examines the effects of film growth on a wide range of different FIB created 3-D substrate patterns, and finds that 3-D surface features and patterns significantly alter film morphology and that growth on or near FIB irradiated regions does not improve film threading defect density. The second substrate modification study examines broad beam ion pre-implantation of GaAs wafers before InGaAs film growth, and is the first reported study of III-V substrate pre-implantation. Ar+ pre-implantation was found to enhance the formation of threading defects in InGaAs films and so improve their roughness and degree of relaxation. This effect, combined with a threading dislocation filtering structure, is anticipated to produce high quality buffers for lattice-mismatched film growth.Ph.D.Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/91437/1/kgrosskl_1.pd

Focused ion beam creation and templating of InAs and InAs/InP nanospikes

Ion beam irradiation has been examined as a method for creating nanoscale semiconductor pillar and cone structures, but has the drawback of inaccurate nanostructure placement. We report on a method for creating and templating nanoscale InAs spikes by focused ion beam (FIB) irradiation of both homoepitaxial InAs films and heteroepitaxial InAs on InP substrates. These 'nanospikes' are created as In droplets, formed due to FIB irradiation, act as etch masks for the underlying InAs. By pre-patterning the InAs to influence In droplet movement, nanospike locations on homoepitaxial InAs may be controlled with limited accuracy. Creating nanospikes using an InAs/InP heterostructure provides an additional measure of control over where the spikes form because nanospikes will not form on exposed regions of InP. This effect may be exploited to accurately control nanospike placement by pre-patterning an InAs/InP heterostructure to control the location of the InAs/InP interface. Using this heterostructure templating method it is possible to accurately place nanospikes into regular arrays that may be useful for a variety of applications.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/90790/1/0957-4484_22_35_355302.pd

Mechanisms of nanodot formation under focused ion beam irradiation in compound semiconductors

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/98704/1/JApplPhys_109_014319.pd

Free Church pastors in Germany : perceptions of spirit possession and mental illness

In many cultures and religions of the world the belief in transcendental realities, like God, the Devil and other benevolent and malevolent spirits are widespread. These realities are constructed in different ways, depending upon context. In light of the development Western industrial societies have undergone, it follows that the belief in transcendental realities may have given way to beliefs that are steeped more, in empiricism. However, understanding the belief in transcendental realities seems to be gaining renewed interest in various social science disciplines in light of the fact that claims of experiences of spirit possession are escalating. The implication this understanding has on the treatment a patient receives is likely to depend upon the training of the practitioner consulted. It follows that the experiences of patients who believe they are possessed by a spirit is as equally important to practitioners of psychology as it is to theologians. Psychologists would likely ascribe a spirit possession to a psychological experience; while theologians will attest to the presence of a spiritual illness. This project focussed on Free Church pastors in Germany and their perceptions of spirit possession and mental illness. To explore Free Church pastors understanding of spirit possession and mental illness is critical in light of the overlap of symptoms. Misdiagnosis may result in a client receiving treatment which may not be appropriate. Interviews with Free Church pastors were conducted. The results were analysed and 4 themes were identified. Based on these interviews conclusions could be drawn which ultimately made it clear that the German free church pastors’ theological training needs to be supplemented in the area of psychology and that the pastors are unable to cope in the area of ‘spirit possession or mental illness’PsychologyD.Litt. et Phil. (Psychology

A guerra comercial entre China e Estados Unidos: a influência do Congresso Nacional nas medidas adotadas por Trump (2017-2020)

TCC (graduação) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Centro Sócio-Econômico. Relações Internacionais.Em 2018, Donald Trump inicia a primeira onda de tarifações à produtos importados. À medida que novas medidas protecionistas direcionadas eram implementadas, sobretudo à China, se chegou à seguinte pergunta de pesquisa: de que forma o ambiente doméstico dos Estados Unidos, favoreceu sua estratégia comercial diante da China? Assim, a presente monografia tem como objetivo compreender qual foi o impacto do segundo tabuleiro - nível II, nesse caso, o Congresso Nacional - na política comercial de Trump para a economia chinesa. Para tal, foram consultadas fontes primárias, como notícias de jornais digitais, pronunciamentos e documentos oficiais, legislações, entre outras; e também fontes secundárias, como artigos, livros e pesquisas científicas. A monografia está dividida em quatro seções. Após a Introdução, a segunda seção busca apresentar os principais aspectos da teoria do jogo de dois níveis de Putnam (1988), que servirão como ferramentas auxiliares para analisar o tema. A terceira seção tem como objetivo destacar as principais medidas adotadas pelo governo Trump contra a economia chinesa na guerra comercial. A quarta seção consiste em um identificar as interações entre o Congresso Nacional e o Executivo, sobre assuntos da China, durante o mandato de Trump (2017-2020). Nas considerações finais, a hipótese reafirmada é a de que o grau de influência do Congresso sobre a administração de Trump para a China variou no decorrer dos quatro anos. As fontes consultadas permitem afirmar nenhum dos lados, republicano e democrata, apresentou oposição às medidas protecionistas de Trump. A partir disso, é possível afirmar que o Congresso Nacional contribui para que o Executivo agisse na guerra comercial, contando com um ambiente doméstico favorável