The nuclear modification of charged particles in Pb-Pb at sNN=5.02 TeV\sqrt{\text{s}_\text{NN}} = \text{5.02}\,\text{TeV} measured with ALICE

The study of inclusive charged-particle production in heavy-ion collisions provides insights into the density of the medium and the energy-loss mechanisms. The observed suppression of high-$\textit{p}_\text{T}$ yield is generally attributed to energy loss of partons as they propagate through a deconfined state of quarks and gluons - Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP) - predicted by QCD. Such measurements allow the characterization of the QGP by comparison with models. In these proceedings, results on high-$\textit{p}_\text{T}$ particle production measured by ALICE in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{\text{s}_\text{NN}}\, = 5.02\ \rm{TeV}$ as well as well in pp at $\sqrt{\text{s}}\,=5.02\ \rm{TeV}$ are presented for the first time. The nuclear modification factors ($\text{R}_\text{AA}$) in Pb-Pb collisions are presented and compared with model calculations.Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures,Proceedings of science, Fourth Annual Large Hadron Collider Physics, Lund, 13-18 June 201

Analysis of the European Market for Organic Food

"Analysis of the European market for organic food" is the first volume to be published by the OMIaRD project. In providing the most comprehensive and up to date information and analysis of European organic food markets, it offers important information in its own right but also contributes a foundation for further study. It covers all important aspects of the organic market, including production, consumption, foreign trade, supply deficits, prices and premiums. Nineteen countries have been separately investigated, and comparison and overview allow important policy and marketing conclusions to emerge

Wie die Öko-Märkte in Europa ausweiten?

Wie eine Analyse ergab, gibt es in keinem europäischen Land einen gut funktionierenden Markt für Öko-Produkte. Die Autoren zeigen auf, was für eine erfolgreiche Ausweitung von Öko-Markt und Öko-Landbau erforderlich ist

Transverse Momentum Distributions and Nuclear Modification Factors in Heavy-Ion Collisions with ALICE at the Large Hadron Collider

In this work, Pb-Pb collisions measured in 2010 during the first data taking period (Run 1) at a centre-of-mass energy of √snn = 2.76 TeV and data taken in 2015 during Run 2 at √snn = 5.02 TeV are analysed. In November 2017, the LHC brought xenon ions to collision for the first time; this data set that was taken at √snn = 5.44 TeV is also analysed. Transverse momentum pt distributions at high pt of charged particles have shown that particle yields in heavy-ion (AA) collisions are suppressed compared to a superposition of independent nucleon-nucleon collisions (binary collision scaling). This observation is related to parton energy loss in the Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP). To obtain the charged-particle yield as a function of pt, corrections are made for tracking efficiency and acceptance, for contamination by secondary particles from weak decays or secondary interactions and for the pt resolution. To circumvent differences in the particle composition of event generators and data, the charged-particle reconstruction efficiency is calculated from the particle-dependent efficiencies weighted by the relative abundances of each particle measured during Run 1. The correction for contamination with secondary particles is usually obtained from Monte-Carlo (MC) simulations. The abundances of secondary particles in data and MC is estimated by analysing the distance of closest approach of tracks to the event vertex. It is found that the contamination correction from MC has to be scaled up by ~50% to match the data. The improvement of the analysis methods resulted in a reduction of the total relative systematic uncertainties by about 50% compared to previous analyses due to an improved reconstruction and calibration procedure in Run 2, as well as to improved track selection methods. The transverse momentum distribution of charged particles from Pb-Pb and Xe-Xe collisions were measured for nine classes of centrality. The measurement was performed for particles within -0.8 to 0.8 in pseudo-rapidity and for a transverse-momentum range of 0.15<pt<50 GeV. The nuclear modification factor (RAA) is defined as the pt-differential yield in a AA collision divided by the cross section in pp collisions, scaled by the nuclear overlap function calculated in a Monte-Carlo Glauber approach. Any suppression of particle yields in AA compared to a superposition of individual pp collisions results in a nuclear modification factor below unity. All measurements exhibit a moderate suppression for peripheral collisions. With increasing collision centrality, a pronounced suppression with RAA ~ 0.13 at intermediate pt develops. At higher pt, a significant rise of the nuclear modification factor is observed. The comparison of RAA as a function of the charged particle density per unit of rapidity dN_ch/dη shows a remarkable agreement of the observed suppression at high pt in Xe-Xe and Pb-Pb collisions at both energies scales for dN_ch/dη>400. This scaling does not hold for collisions with lower particle multiplicities. This observation is consistent with a dependence of the partonic energy loss on the square of the path length in the medium. At lower transverse momenta a dependence of RAA on the collision energy is observed, which might be due to the collision energy dependence of the bulk particle production

Multiplicity dependence of the average transverse momentum in pp, p-Pb, and Pb-Pb collisions at the LHC

Cyanobacteria, a group of photosynthetic prokaryotes, oscillate between day and night time metabolisms with concomitant oscillations in gene expression in response to light/dark cycles (LD). The oscillations in gene expression have been shown to sustain in constant light (LL) with a free running period of 24 h in a model cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942. However, equivalent oscillations in metabolism are not reported under LL in this non-nitrogen fixing cyanobacterium. Here we focus on Cyanothece sp. ATCC 51142, a unicellular, nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium known to temporally separate the processes of oxygenic photosynthesis and oxygen-sensitive nitrogen fixation. In a recent report, metabolism of Cyanothece 51142 has been shown to oscillate between photosynthetic and respiratory phases under LL with free running periods that are temperature dependent but significantly shorter than the circadian period. Further, the oscillations shift to circadian pattern at moderate cell densities that are concomitant with slower growth rates. Here we take this understanding forward and demonstrate that the utradian rhythm under LL sustains at much higher cell densities when grown under turbulent regimes that simulate flashing light effect. Our results suggest that the ultradian rhythm in metabolism may be needed to support higher carbon and nitrogen requirements of rapidly growing cells under LL. With a comprehensive Real time PCR based gene expression analysis we account for key regulatory interactions and demonstrate the interplay between clock genes and the genes of key metabolic pathways. Further, we observe that several genes that peak at dusk in Synechococcus peak at dawn in Cyanothece and vice versa. The circadian rhythm of this organism appears to be more robust with peaking of genes in anticipation of the ensuing photosynthetic and respiratory metabolic phases

Acoustic imaging of the Dvurechenskii mud volcano in the Black Sea

In the CRIMEA project submarine gas emitting sites in the Black Sea are investigated in order to quantify methane transfer through the water column into the atmosphere. One target area is the Dvurechenskii mud volcano (DMV) in the Sorokin Trough south-east of the Crimea peninsula. The occurrence of gas hydrates and high methane concentrations in the sediment of this mud volcano are known. A seismic wide-angle experiment was performed at the DMV with twelve Ocean Bottom Hydrophones and Seismometers and a GI gun source with frequencies around 100 Hz. By using Kirchhoff depth migration the seismogram sections are transformed to images, which extent to 4 km laterally and 600 metres in depth. The images show the conduit of the DMVand the nearby sediment layers. The DMV has a diameter of 800-1000 m at the sea floor and its conduit has the same form and diameter up to 600 m depth. Several plane sediment layers are disrupted by the conduit, and strong reflectors are identified in 100 m and 400 m depth in the conduit. The lower bowl shaped reflectors are interpreted as collapsed parts of the disrupted sediment layers, which sunk in the lighter material of the conduit. This is also a possible explanation for the upper reflections. Compressional wave velocities are obtained from Kirchhoff migration, and the model is refined by using seismic ray tracing. Bulk density and shear wave velocity can also be obtained by analyzing the data. With the help of these elastic parameters and by using the Frenkel-Gassmann theory, the free gas saturation of the sediment pore space and the gas hydrate saturation can be quantified