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    Об использовании коэффициСнта Π”ΠΆΠΈΠ½ΠΈ Π² экономико-статистичСских исслСдованиях

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    Frequent cases of incorrect use of the Gini index in economic and statistical studies have forced the authors to express their opinion. This refers to those calculations that consider average and relative (per capita) rates rather than divide total rates into groups. A right choice and a correct use of statistical tools play a crucial role in statistical research for an analysis of valid and reliable statistical data. Even the simplest and most widely known method of statistical data processing requires competent use depending on the original data. The data provided in the article demonstrates possibilities and conditions of the Gini index use, which is popular among researchers. The concentration index (often referred to as the Gini index in the literature) was originally proposed by the Italian statistician K. Gini to assess the degree of uneven distribution ofwealth (income) within a population. The authors proceed from the fact that the concentration index can be used for characterizing inequalities of many other indicators. The article contains description of key provisions of the statistical theory of measuring such properties units collectively as Β«concentrationΒ» and well-known formulas for calculating the Gini index. The authors emphasize the important condition of this indicator application: raw data must consider the possibility of distribution allocated to the group together, i. e. it must be necessarily presented as group totals, not as indicators per capita or average values.ΠžΠ±ΡΡ‚ΠΎΡΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎ, ΠΏΠΎΠ±ΡƒΠ΄ΠΈΠ²ΡˆΠ΅Π΅ Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ² ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠΈ Π²Ρ‹ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ своС ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, - ΡƒΡ‡Π°ΡΡ‚ΠΈΠ²ΡˆΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ случаи Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡ€Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΡ‚Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ использования коэффициСнта Π”ΠΆΠΈΠ½ΠΈ Π² экономико-статистичСских исслСдованиях, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ коэффициСнт рассчитываСтся Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ ΠΊ Ρ€Π°ΡΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ суммарных (ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΠ΅ΠΌΠ½Ρ‹Ρ…) ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΠ°ΠΌ, Π° для срСдних ΠΈ ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… (рассчитанных Π½Π° Π΄ΡƒΡˆΡƒ насСлСния) ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ. А ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌ ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΡƒΡŽ Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΡŒ Π² статистичСском исслСдовании ΠΈΠ³Ρ€Π°Π΅Ρ‚ ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ Π²Ρ‹Π±ΠΎΡ€ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡ€Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΡ‚Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ статистичСского инструмСнтария для Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π² ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠΏΠ΅ достовСрных ΠΈ Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ…. Π”Π°ΠΆΠ΅ самый простой ΠΈ ΡˆΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠΊΠΎ извСстный ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠΈ статистичСских Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±ΡƒΠ΅Ρ‚ Π³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΅Π³ΠΎ использования Π² зависимости ΠΎΡ‚ наличия Ρ‚ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ. Π’ ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡ€Π΅Ρ‚Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ… продСмонстрированы возмоТности ΠΈ условия примСнСния популярного срСди исслСдоватСлСй коэффициСнта Π”ΠΆΠΈΠ½ΠΈ. Авторы исходят ΠΈΠ· Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π°, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ индСкс ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ, Ρ‡Π°Ρ‰Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡƒΠ΅ΠΌΡ‹ΠΉ Π² Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π΅ коэффициСнтом Π”ΠΆΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ статистиком К. Π”ΠΆΠΈΠ½ΠΈ для ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ стСпСни нСравномСрности распрСдСлСния богатства (Π΄ΠΎΡ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²) насСлСния, ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚ Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ для характСристики нСравномСрности, Π½ΠΎ ΡƒΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ ΠΊ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΠΌ показатСлям. Π‘Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡ содСрТит ΠΈΠ·Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ основных ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ статистичСской Ρ‚Π΅ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΈ измСрСния Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ свойства Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ† совокупности, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ концСнтрация, ΠΈ ΡˆΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠΊΠΎ извСстных Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΡƒΠ» расчСта коэффициСнта Π”ΠΆΠΈΠ½ΠΈ. Авторы Π°ΠΊΡ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΌ условии примСнСния этого показатСля: исходныС Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡƒΡΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ распрСдСлСния ΠΏΠΎ выдСляСмым Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΠ°ΠΌ совокупности, Ρ‚ΠΎ Π΅ΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹ Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΡŒ прСдставлСны ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ суммарными ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠ³Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΠ°ΠΌ, Π° Π½Π΅ показатСлями Π½Π° Π΄ΡƒΡˆΡƒ насСлСния ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ срСдними Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ

    On the cooling of a free thin film at the presence of the van der waals forces

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    The cooling of a hot free thin viscous film attached to a rectangular colder frame is considered. The film is under the action of capillary and van der Waals forces and is symmetric with respect to a middle plane. The one@dimensional case of the corresponding non‐stationary nonlinear thermo‐dynamic problem is solved numerically by a finite difference scheme. The numerical results for the film shape, longitudinal velocity and temperature are obtained for different Reynolds numbers, dimensionless Hamaker constants and radiation numbers. Apie laisvosios plonosios plΔ—velΔ—s atvΔ—sinimΔ…, atsiΕΎvelgiant Δ― Van der Valso jΔ—gΕ³ poveikΔ― Santrauka Nagrinejamas karΕ‘tosios laisvosios plonosios klampiosios pleveles, prikabintos prie stačiakampio Ε‘altesnio remo, atvesinimas. Plevele yra veikiama kapiliariniu ir Van der Valso jegu ir yra simetriΕ‘ka vidurio plokΕ‘tumos atΕΎvilgiu. Atitinkama nesta‐cionari netiesine termodinamine problema vienmačiu atveju yra skaitiΕ‘kai iΕ‘spresta baigtiniu skirtumu schemos pagalba. Yra gauti skaitiniai rezultatai pleveles formai, iΕ‘ilginiam greičiui ir temperatΕ«rai skirtingiems Reinoldso skaičiams, bedimensinems Hamakerio konstantoms ir radiacijos parametrams. First Published Online: 14 Oct 201

    Numerical modelling of free thin film dynamics

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    The dynamics of a free thin film attached to a rectangular frame surrounded by an ambient gas is studied theoretically. The mathematical model is described by evolutionary nonlinear system for the longitudinal velocity components and film thickness. The 1D form of the nonstationary problem is solved by a finite difference scheme. The film shape evolution in time is tracked at different Reynolds numbers,Β Re. The steady state solutions are reached asymptotically in time for a large range ofΒ Re. Laisvosios plonosios plΔ—velΔ—s dinamikos skaitinis modeliavimas Santrauka NagrinΔ—jamas svarbus dujΕ³ dinamikai plonosios plΔ—velΔ—s judΔ—jimo matematinio modeliavimo uΕΎdavinys. Atlikta diferencialiniΕ³ lygčiΕ³ asimptotinΔ— analizΔ—. PasiΕ«lyta skirtuminΔ— schema skaičiavimams atlikti ir pateikti skaitiniΕ³ eksperimentΕ³ rezultatai. First Published Online: 14 Oct 201

    Recent declines in reported syphilis rates in eastern Europe and central Asia: are the epidemics over?

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    Since the early 1990s, major syphilis epidemics have occurred in the Newly Independent States (NIS) of the former Soviet Union. The new and rapidly changing societal and economic conditions in these countries challenge their traditional approaches to the control of sexually transmitted infections (STI). Nevertheless, following a steady increase until 1997, reported syphilis incidence has declined during the past 3 years in most parts of the region. We examine these trends against a background of ongoing changes in service delivery, care seeking behaviour, and case finding practices. National syphilis surveillance data reported to the WHO Regional Office for Europe were compiled and analysed, and supplemented with information presented at recent expert meetings and with results from ongoing research. Since 1997, reported syphilis incidence either stabilised or declined in many locations in the NIS, but further increased in others, especially in rural areas. Congenital syphilis continued to increase in all countries, except Latvia. The proportion of self presenting cases versus cases detected through screening declined, and so did notifications of early compared with late forms of syphilis. Patients increasingly seek care in the private formal and informal healthcare sectors which hardly participate in case reporting. Recent declines in syphilis notifications in the NIS are at least partially a reflection of a reduced intensity of active case finding and of changes in reporting completeness because of a shift in service utilisation from the public to the private/informal sectors. Syphilis rates are still high, indicating that both public and private sectors have to respond more efficiently to the needs of many people at risk of STI. The collection of serial STI prevalence data is recommended to be able to validate trends in notifications

    Simulation of Heat Removal from Fuel Rods in a Turbulent Flow

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    Numerical simulations of flow and heat transfer around of transverse arrangement of fuel rods of the gas-cooled nuclear reactor by a new 3D code is presented

    Π•Ρ‰Π΅ Ρ€Π°Π· ΠΎ коэффициСнтС Π”ΠΆΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ

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    This article is a continuation of the discussion that started with the publication in Β«Voprosy statistikiΒ» of the article Β«On the use of the Gini index in economic and statistical studiesΒ» by G.l. Gromyko, I.N. Matyukhina (issue β„–9 for 2015) and continued in the issue No. 2 for 2016, with the article by K.P. Gluschenko Β«On the issue of application of the Gini coefficient and other inequality indicesΒ». Both papers expressed opposing views on the application area for the widely recognized Gini coefficient. In the present article the authors include response to critical feedback from the authors of the second article, along with criticism of their main key points. The difference in authors’ approaches manifest in the following issues: application area for the Gini coefficient as a concentration index, directly associated with the Lorenz curve and intended to evaluate the uneven distribution of the studied index by groups; interpretation of Β«distributionΒ» and Β«concentrationΒ» concepts in statistics; selection of a grouping variable when constructing variational series of distribution; meaningful interpretations of concentration and differentiation (difference) indicators and etc.На страницах ΠΆΡƒΡ€Π½Π°Π»Π° Π² Π΄Π²ΡƒΡ… Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ… ΠΎΠΏΡƒΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ‹ Π΄Π²Π΅ ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠΈ, посвящСнныС ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ коэффициСнта Π”ΠΆΠΈΠ½ΠΈ: «Об использовании коэффициСнта Π”ΠΆΠΈΠ½ΠΈ Π² экономико-статистичСских исслСдованиях» (Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹: Π“.Π›. Π“Ρ€ΠΎΠΌΡ‹ΠΊΠΎ, И.Н. ΠœΠ°Ρ‚ΡŽΡ…ΠΈΠ½Π°) Π² β„– 9 Π·Π° 2015 Π³. ΠΈ «К вопросу ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ коэффициСнта Π”ΠΆΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΡ… ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ нСравСнства» (Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€: К.П. Π“Π»ΡƒΡ‰Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΎ) Π² β„– 2 Π·Π° 2016 Π³. Авторы статСй Π²Ρ‹ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡ΠΊΠΈ зрСния Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡ‚ΡŒ примСнСния ΡˆΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠΊΠΎ извСстного коэффициСнта Π”ΠΆΠΈΠ½ΠΈ. Данная ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡ являСтся ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Ρ€Π°Π·Π²Π΅Ρ€Π½ΡƒΠ²ΡˆΠ΅ΠΉΡΡ дискуссии ΠΈ содСрТит ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΡ‚Π²Π΅Ρ‚ Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠΈ Π½Π° критичСскиС замСчания, ΠΈΠ·Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π²ΠΎ Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠ΅, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΡƒ основных Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. Различия Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ… Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°Ρ€ΡƒΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ряду вопросов: ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡ‚ΡŒ примСнСния коэффициСнта Π”ΠΆΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ индСкса ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ, нСпосрСдствСнно связанного с ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π›ΠΎΡ€Π΅Π½Ρ†Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ для ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ нСравномСрности распрСдСлСния исслСдуСмого показатСля ΠΏΠΎ Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΠ°ΠΌ; Ρ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ° понятий «распрСдСлСниС» ΠΈ «концСнтрация» Π² статистикС; Π²Ρ‹Π±ΠΎΡ€ Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ построСнии Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… рядов распрСдСлСния; ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Π°Ρ интСрпрСтация ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΡ„Ρ„Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΉ (Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠΉ) ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€
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