South Africa

According to the Census 2011, conducted by Statistics South Africa (StatsSA) more than a decade ago, the total population of South Africa was 51.8 million. The latest census by StatsSA was conducted from March to April 2022, but the official Census 2022 data was not available at the time of writing this country report.https://www.adry.up.ac.za/Public LawNon

Noem my name, maar maak lelik my haatdraend? Die onregverdigbare beperking van vryheid van uitdrukking onder die voorwendsel van haatspraak-bestryding

Die Hoogste Hof van Appel het op 29 November 2019 in die saak van Qwelane v SAHRC & Others (686/2018) [2019] ZASCA 67 artikel 10 van die Wet op die Bevordering van Gelykheid en die Voorkoming van Onbillike Diskriminasie (PEPUDA) ongrondwetlik verklaar, synde strydig met artikel 16, meer bepaald artikel 16(2)(c) van die Grondwet van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika, 1996. Die uitspraak spruit voort nit 'n artikel van John Qwelane in die Sunday Sun van 20 Julie 2008, waarin hy skerp teen homoseksuele mense te velde getrek het. Dele van Qwelane se artikel is in 'n laer hof as haatspraak kragtens artikel 10 van PEPUDA besou. Di6 hof het in die saak ook Qwelane se aanval op die grondwetlikheid van die artikel verwerp. In hoer beroep het die Hoogste Hof van Appel hierdie uitspraak ter syde gestel en in 'n eenparige uitspraak beslis dat artikel 10 van PEPUDA teen artikel 16 van die Grondwet indruis, aangesien dit in etlike opsigte uitdrukking verbied wat deur die Grondwet toegelaat word. Die Hof het die wetgewer agtien maande gegun om regstellende wetgewing aan te neem. Tot tyd en wyl dit gebeur, het die Hof 'n tussentydse bewoording gelas, wat finaal sal word indien die wetgewer versuim om die vereiste verbeterde wetgewing aan te neem. Die uitspraak word verwelkom vanweB die beperking wat artikel 10 van PEPUDA op die grondwetlike reg op vrye uitdrukking meebring, veral teen die agtergrond van 'n groeiende tendens in Suid- Afrika om juis vryheid van uitdrukking te verskraal, soos dit onder andere blyk nit die huidige Prevention and Combating of Hate Crimes and Hate Speech Bill. Dis te hope dat die Grondwetlike Hof die Hoogste Hof van Appel se bevel sal bekragtig.http://www.lexisnexis.co.zaam2021Public La

Disability and reasonable accommodation : HM v Sweden Communication 3/2011 (Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities)

The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and the Optional Protocol to the CRPD were signed by South Africa on 30 March 2007 and ratified on 30 November 2007. The CRPD is intended to 'promote and protect the rights and dignity of persons with disabilities' in order to 'redress ... the profound social disadvantage of persons with disabilities and promote their participation in the civil, political, economic, social and cultural spheres with equal opportunities, in both developing and developed countries' and the Optional Protocol is aimed at facilitating the submission of individual complaints against State Parties relating to the CRPD.http://www.wits.ac.za/academic/clm/law/11088/southafricanjournalonhumanrights.htmlam201

Analysis of wear-related failures in long-term follow-up of crosslinked polyethylene hip sockets

The publication of our long-term hip replacement follow-up study computer analysis has clearly demonstrated the association between polyethylene (polyethylene/UHMWPE) wear on the one hand and pain, interface widening and osteolysis on the other1. From a total of 97 cases, seven had true failure and needed ultimate revision. These seven cases formed the nucleus of the current study (Group 1). The course of events could then be analysed in great detail, and compared with the other 90 cases (Groups 2, 3, and 4). The purpose of this paper was to confirm the role of polyethylene wear (the independent variable) in the limitation of longevity of the implant; furthermore to identify the cut-off point of wear that is considered acceptable. At the same time quantification of P, I, O (pain, interface widening and osteolysis) was studied (the dependent variables). Once again, computer analysis provided us with detailed values that would constitute the cut-off points for acceptance. These findings then enabled us to categorise the 97 cases into four groups. Of special interest was Group 2: ‘impending failure’. Even though none of the nine cases in Group 2 were revised, this study clearly demonstrated that they should be classified as failures and managed accordingly. In this study some other controversial issues were addressed: the degree of wear proved important as opposed to the tempo, which was not! Equally unimpressive were the patients’ age, activity and body mass, which according to digital analysis had little effect on implant longevity.http://www.charpublications.co.za/C_JournalsORTH.as

Long-term evaluation of polyethylene wear in total hip replacement : a statistical analysis of the association between the degree of wear versus pain, interface change, osteopysis and implant failure

With over 3.5 decades dedicated exclusively to total joint replacement, our arthroplasty unit has repeatedly identified and reported a clear correlation between cup wear on the one hand, and pain, interface widening and osteolytic failure on the other1. However, in view of the fact that this statement has sparked some controversy, clarification of this correlation became imperative, particularly in view of important clinical consequences. Materials and methods were provided by a potentially long-lasting gamma crosslinked cup. The arthroplasty follow- up ranged from 10-33 years. Objective clinical, radiographic and pathological evaluations were backed by computer analysis through the Department of Statistics at the University of Pretoria. We are able to conclude that the statistical correlation between wear, on the one hand, versus pain, interface effects and osteolysis on the other, was no coincidence but instead proved to be clearly conclusive. Of great importance is the fact that this study allowed us to set new objective criteria for true failure as well as impending failure, thus guiding us towards sensible decision-making in terms of revision surgery in these complex issues. Cup wear was thus clearly identified as the overwhelming leading variable in long-term prognosis in this type of total hip replacement.http://www.charpublications.co.za/C_JournalsORTH.as

Coding-complete genome sequences for two confirmed monkeypox cases in South Africa 2022

DATA AVAILABILITY : The genome sequences for NICD-SVPL223 and NICD-SVPL232 were submitted to NCBI GenBank (accession numbers ON918611 and ON927248). Raw sequence data have also been deposited in NCBI (BioProject accession number PRJNA856120 and SRA accession number SRR19995508 and SRR19995509).The coding-complete genome sequences of monkeypox virus (MPXV) were obtained from skin lesion swabs from two human cases detected in South Africa in June 2022. Sequence analyses indicated that the genetic sequences of the viruses associated with these two cases were related most closely to the genetic sequences of other MPXVs reported during the 2022 multicountry outbreak and belong to the monkeypox hMPXV-1 clade (previously West Africa clade) and B.1 lineage.https://journals.asm.org/journal/mraam2023BiochemistryForestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI)GeneticsMedical VirologyMicrobiology and Plant Patholog

Advances in imaging chest tuberculosis: blurring of differences between children and adults

This article reviews the ongoing role of imaging in the diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) and its complications. A modern imaging classification of TB, taking into account both adults and children and the blurring of differences in the presentation patterns, must be absorbed into daily practice. Clinicians must not only be familiar with imaging features of TB but also become expert at detecting these when radiologists are unavailable. Communication between radiologists and clinicians with regard to local constraints, patterns of disease, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection rates, and imaging parameters relevant for management (especially in drug resistance programs) is paramount for making an impact with imaging, and preserving clinician confidence. Recognition of special imaging, anatomic and vulnerability differences between children and adults is more important than trying to define patterns of disease exclusive to children

Theology disrupted : doing theology with children in African contexts

The thrust of this article is an attempt to respond to the question whether we can read and interpret the bible in Africa from the child theology vantage point. The author’s answer is in the affirmative in two ways: Firstly, it is that the majority of children in Africa are facing abuses of unprecedented proportions. Historically and traditionally, African scholars always read and interpreted the bible with African lenses. The African bible critic and exegete should be part of the church, the body of Christ which ought to be a lotus of healing. Theologising in the context of the crisis of the ‘child’ in Africa is fairly a new development and needs to be aggressively pursued. The second aspect of this author’s response is that when Christianity entered the Graeco-Roman as well the Jewish milieu, it used the family symbolism such as father, brothers, love, house of God, children of God, and so on. The New Testament authors therefore used family as reality and metaphor to proclaim the gospel. The African theologian, critic and exegete, is therefore in this article challenged to make a significant contribution using the African context in that, ‘… the African concept of child, family and community appears to be closer to ecclesiology than the Western concepts’.This article emanates from a consultation on ‘Child Theology’ in August 2015, co-hosted by the Centre of Contextual Ministry, Faculty of Theology, University of Pretoria.http://www.hts.org.zaam2017Centre for Contextual Ministr

Gestremheidsreg : 'n internasionaalregtelike en regsvergelykende analise (Afrikaans)

AFRIKAANS: Hierdie proefskrif ondersoek die ontplooiing van die reg rakende persone met gestremdhede in die rigting van ʼn toenemend inklusiewe en geintegreerde regsorde wat die beskerming en bevordering van die regte van persone met gestremdhede op gelyke grondslag met alle ander persone bewerkstellig. Gestremdheid word aan die hand van twee uiteenlopende modelle beoordeel en hanteer. Die twee modelle - die mediese en die sosiale model van gestremdheid - verteenwoordig uiteenlopende opvattinge oor gestremdheid wat in duidelik onderskeibare regsbenaderings neerslag vind. Oor die onlangse dekades het die sosiale model beduidend veld teen die mediese model gewen. Dit het veral neerslag gevind in die internasionale reg, soos dit die afgelope dekades onder die aanvoering van die Verenigde Nasies in omvattende standaardisering en universalisering van menseregte ontwikkel het. Hierdie ontwikkelings word breedvoerig ondersoek. Die groeiende aanklank van die sosiale model ten koste van die mediese model is eweneens merkbaar in twee ander jurisdiksiegebiede, naamlik Europa – binne die konteks van sowel die Europese Raad as die Europese Unie - en die Verenigde State van Amerika. By albei weerspieel die ontplooiing van die positiewe reg ʼn verandering in die beskouing oor die regshantering van persone met gestremdhede. Daarvolgens word gestremdheid toenemend volgens ʼn sosiale model as ʼn vorm van diversiteit eerder as uitsluitlik in terme van ʼn mediese model as afwykend of abnormaal verstaan. Gestremdheid vereis ʼn besondere regsbedeling ten einde daadwerklike gelyke beregtiging vir persone met gestremdhede te verseker eerder as (net) mediese ingryping in ʼn “afwykende toestand” of ʼn “siektetoestand.” Die veranderde regsbedeling oor gestremdheid word deurlopend deur die prisma van die twee modelle beskryf en beoordeel. Na die uitklaar van die betekenis van die modelle aan die begin van die studie volg ʼn historiese oorsig wat die konteks vorm waarbinne die regsontwikkeling rondom gestemdheidsreg sedert die Tweede Wereldoorlog op internasionale terrein (onder die aanvoering van die Verenigde Nasies), in Europa, die VSA en in Suid-Afrika bespreek word. Die studie sluit af met gevolgtrekkings waarin die klem op ʼn beoordeling van die verandering van die reg rakende gestremdheid in die lig van modelle wat in die eerste hoofstuk toegelig is, val. ENGLISH: The thesis investigates a change in perception and the resulting altered juridical management of persons with disabilities towards a more inclusive and integrated public legal order. Such a change positions the protection and promotion of the rights and interests of persons with disabilities on an equal footing with that of other persons. Disability is dealt with and evaluated in relation to two opposing models. The two models of disability – the medical and the social – represent two different perceptions about disability that are laid down in clearly-distinguishable approaches in law. Over the recent decades the social model has gained considerable ground over the medical model. It has found particular favour in international law, as developed over the past decades in the comprehensive standardisation and universalising of human rights under the leadership of the United Nations. These developments are scrutinised thoroughly. The increasing acceptance of the social model to the detriment of the medical model is apparent in two other areas of jurisdiction, namely, Europe – within the context of the European Council and the European Union – and the United States of America. In both these the development of positive law reflects a change in view regarding the way disability is dealt with by the law. Disability is increasingly understood according to a social model as a form of diversity rather than exclusively in accordance with a medical model. Disability requires a unique legal dispensation in order to ensure genuine equal adjudication for persons with disabilities rather than a (mere) medical intervention as a “deviant state” or an “illness”. The changing legal dispensation regarding disability is continuously described and evaluated through the prism of the two models. After an exposition of the models at the beginning of the study a brief historical overview follows, constituting the context within which legal development since the Second World War in the international arena (by way of the activities of the United Nations), in Europe, the USA and South Africa, is discussed. The study ends with conclusions which emphasise an evaluation of the changes in disability law in light of the models that were expounded in the first chapter.Thesis (LLD)--University of Pretoria, 2010.Public Lawunrestricte