Climatogenic reaction of Robinia pseudoacacia and Pinus sylvestris within Northern Steppe of Ukraine

Climatic changes in the environment are becoming more noticeable each year. Nonetheless, trends in the reaction of radial growth of forest trees to climate change should be studied in different climatic regions due to significant local variability in climatic conditions which are specific for any particular area. We conducted a correlation analysis of the relationship between the parameters of radial increment of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and meteorological factors of the environment in forest areas located in thenorthern steppe zone of Ukraine. We performed surveys in plantations of black locust, growing in hill slope and interfluve areas and also in sandy terrace plots of Scots pine. Over the period of intense vegetatative growth, black locust requires moisture 50% higher than the norm, and Scots pine 43% higher than the norm. It was determined that maximum increment for the studied plants occurred under the influence of a combination of factors involving reduction of the air temperature by 2.6–2.7 °С below the norm for black locust and by 2.3–2.5 °С for Scots pine. During the period of lower vegetative activity, Scots pine demonstrated lower sensitivity compared to black locust. This paper provides a statistical characteristic of the radial increment of trees in the conditions of changes in meteorological factors which limit their growth. The article provides data on multiple correlation of radial increment of the tree stands in relation to growth locations; demonstrates correlation dependency of radial increment of the studied trees on the precipitation and mean monthly temperatures over different time periods and during particular months. Radial increment of Scots pine exhibited most positive correlation with the total of precipitations throughout the period. For the stands of black locust, correlation coefficients were higher and distinguished by both positive and negative values. In the current increment of this species, a negative correlation relation was observed with the total precipitation in July, August and September, and positive correlation with the remaining months of the year. By contrast, radial increment of black locust and Scots pine positively correlated with air temperature during all time periods and particular months

Radial increment dynamics in Pinus sylvestris stands within the Northern Steppe of Ukraine

The parameters of periodic increment (5-years) and peculiarities of its change depending on age, diameter, height and volume of trunk of Scots pine are determined. The influence of climate conditions (air temperature and precipitation) on the dynamics of radial increment change of Scots pine trees are established. The results of experimental studies, obtained from 20 temporary sample plots of pine stands within the Northern Steppe of Ukraine are presented. We conducted an estimate of radial increment of Scots pine trunks as a basis for development of normative and information support for assessment of biotic productivity of this category of forest. All selected sample trees had different age and biometric parameters. The age of sample trees ranged from 9 to 90 years; diameter at breast height – from 4.0 to 41.7 cm; height – from 4.2 to 30.0 m, trunk volume – from 0.002 to 1.748 m3. It is found that the radial increment of pine stem was significantly dependent on tree age. The highest values of radial increment of Scots pine trees were observed for trees aged up to 20 years. With increasing age, radial increment had a decreasing trend, including 90-year old trees. Regression models of the dependence of radial increment of pine trees on the age and diameter are presented. In the article, the dependence of the values of radial increment of sample trees from types of forest are demonstrated. The highest values of Scots pine radial increment was observed in sugruds and gruds, which were presented in tree samples of 20 years. Comparative analysis of radial increment change in the trees of one age category, which grew in different conditions, was conducted. The older trees had the maximum increment in the conditions of dry sugrud, and the minimum increment in conditions of fresh subor. Also in this article we used generalized chronology of Scots pine radial increment reflecting regional variability of growth in pine trees. The results supplemented the research obtained earlier with new data on the dependence of the pine radial growth rate on forest-biometric parameters. These experimental data, their graph-analytical evaluation yielded an information basis for modeling the radial increment of pine trees, created on the basis of dependence of this parameter on biometric indexes – age and diameter at breast height

Аналіз показників асиміляційної складової у структурі надземної фітомаси деревних порід степових лісостанів України

The purpose this research is to study the parameters of leaf (needle) share in the trees’ greenery fraction and the content of absolutely dry matter in fresh leaves of black locust and Scots pine. The leaf (needle) share in the trees greenery fraction and the content of absolutely dry matter were determined by their quantitative measures (weight and volume). The results of the research reveal that the leaf share in the structure of a tree’s greenery fraction has a broad range of values: 43.0–72.8% for black locust and 49.1–75.4% for Scots pine. The minimum value of this parameter was recorded for an overmature Robinia specimen of 41 years of age, while the maximum was for a 3-year-old tree. For pine trees the lowest values of the given parameter were registered for the spcimens aged 38, 49 and 84, the maximum – for 30–31-year-old trees. For both investigated species it should be noted that there is a consistent pattern indicated by the following trend line: with the increase of tree age, height and trunk diameter, there is a decrease of leaf share value in the trees’ greenery fraction. Such characteristic parameter as absolutely dry mass has a sufficient range of values from 0.321 to 0.524, with the extreme values for the trees belonging to the young stock group in the case of the black locust. The absolutely dry matter content in Scots pine needles showed a significant variability of values from 0.426 to 0.620. The trend line shows a tendency of increase in the value of absolutely dry matter mass in the leaves of both investigated species with the increase in the values of the tree taxation parameters. There is no statistically proven dependency of the parameter indicating leaf share in the trees greenery fraction on the age, trunk diameter and height of trees. The most important biometric indicator, which shows a moderate relationship with the greenery fraction of a tree is the average diameter of the trunk of model trees of the two studied species. This is confirmed by values of correlation coefficients. The indicator of greenery fraction is inversely dependent on the height, trunk diameter and tree age, i.e. the increase in the values of these parameters leads to the decrease in the share of the photosynthetic active component of  trees of the studied tree species in the steppe zone. The value of leaf (needle) share in trees’ greenery fraction decreases with the increasing age, height and diameter values, which is quite natural. Correlation indices of absolutely dry matter according to age, height and diameter of sample trees have negative values, while the index of leaf (needle) share of trees’ greenery fraction has a direct correlation with all the studied influence factors. Подано результати досліджень асимілювальної складової надземної фітомаси – частка листя (хвої) та вміст абсолютно сухої речовини у листі (хвої) у фракції деревної зелені головних лісотвірних порід лісостанів Північного Степу України – Pinus sylvestris L. та Robinia pseudoacacia L. Значення показників частки листя (хвої) у структурі асимілювальної складової робінії звичайної та сосни звичайної перебувають у певному діапазоні, який демонструє їх залежність від основних таксаційних показників деревостанів. Спостерігається зменшення даного показника зі збільшенням віку та зі зростанням середнього діаметра та висоти стовбура для двох досліджуваних деревних порід. Виявлено тренди, що демонструють зміни значень вмісту абсолютно сухої речовини у листі робінії звичайної та у хвої сосни звичайної. Висока варіабельність абсолютних значень вмісту сухої речовини у листі робінії зафіксована за умов однакових значень віку, діаметра стовбура та висоти модельних дерев. Показники вмісту абсолютно сухої речовини у хвої сосни звичайної, навпаки, мають тенденцію до підвищення відносно досліджуваних таксаційних параметрів. Подано результати досліджень асимілювальної складової надземної фітомаси – частка листя (хвої) та вміст абсолютно сухої речовини у листі (хвої) у фракції деревної зелені головних лісотвірних порід лісостанів Північного Степу України – Pinus sylvestris L. та Robinia pseudoacacia L. Значення показників частки листя (хвої) у структурі асимілювальної складової робінії звичайної та сосни звичайної перебувають у певному діапазоні, який демонструє їх залежність від основних таксаційних показників деревостанів. Спостерігається зменшення даного показника зі збільшенням віку та зі зростанням середнього діаметра та висоти стовбура для двох досліджуваних деревних порід. Виявлено тренди, що демонструють зміни значень вмісту абсолютно сухої речовини у листі робінії звичайної та у хвої сосни звичайної. Висока варіабельність абсолютних значень вмісту сухої речовини у листі робінії зафіксована за умов однакових значень віку, діаметра стовбура та висоти модельних дерев. Показники вмісту абсолютно сухої речовини у хвої сосни звичайної, навпаки, мають тенденцію до підвищення відносно досліджуваних таксаційних параметрів.

Особенности продуктивности сосновых древостоев в лесонасаждениях Северной Степи Украины

The aim of this work is the comparative analysis of the productivity of Scots pines in pure and mixed plantations with main and accompanying species in the Northern Steppe of Ukraine We analysed the taxation parameters such as height, diameter, stand density, which vary with the age of the stand and composition of the plantation. Within the study area pines grow mainly in pure stands (81.9%). The share of mixed forest stands in the study area is only 18.1%. The analysis of representation of age structure showed the presence of the same proportion of the young age group in pure and mixed stands, the dominant share being taken up by middle-aged monoculture stands, and thus a smaller area taken up by mature and overmature pines. The average stand density per 1 ha in pure stands of all age groups is 17% higher than in mixed stands. The dynamics of variations of such biometric data as average height, diameter and density for the different compositions of Scots pine stands were measured for 14 age classes. The mean heights of the pure and mixed stands are vere close, while the average diameter gradually increased with age, reaching its maximum in overmature plantations. The research results showed that there is an excess of this parameter in the mixed compared with the pure stands. We did not find significant differences between middle age pure and mixed stands in accumulation of stand density. But pure pine stands show a clear tendency to dominate in wood accumulation in all age classes through the period of growth. The greatest difference between pure and mixed stands in the mean stand density was observed for those of middle-age. The average stand density in the pure stands was up to 32% higher than the mixed. The area distribution of Scots pine stands according to productivity was as follows. The largest area for both pure and mixed stands was occupied by trees of quality class I, which took up 54.3% of the total pure pine acreage and 41.9% of the mixed stand acreage. The second position was occupied by quality class II, which occupied 27.6% of total pure pine acreage and 36.6% of mixed stand acreage with the perecentage of total stand density at 23.6% and 35.1% respectively. In general, the value of the average stand density falls as the quality class decreases, and essentially depends on the composition of plantations: in pure stands, it is higher than in mixed. The investigated values of the biometric parameters are statistically significant for both the pure and the mixed stands. Проанализирована возрастная структура древостоев сосны обыкновенной (PinussylvestrisL.) в чистых и смешанных лесонасаждениях Северной Степи Украины. Показано превалирование доли средневозрастных монокультур сосны. Средний запас древесины на 1 га во всех исследуемых возрастных группах однопородных насаждений превышает таковую в смешанных максимум на 17%. Приведена динамика изменений биометрических показателей (высоты, диаметра и запаса древесины) для разных по составу сосновых насаждений. По сравнению со средней высотой, показатель средного диаметра имеет большую зависимость от возраста, что особенно характерно для древостоев смешанного типа. Наблюдается тенденция доминирования формирования древесины в чистых по составу насаждениях во всех исследуемых классах возраста на 3–32 %. Показано падение величины среднего запаса по мере снижения бонитетного класса, которое в чистых насаждениях выше, сравнительно со смешанными. Приведены статистически достоверные значения зависимости таксационных параметров древостоев от возраста, как в чистых, так и смешанных. Проанализирована возрастная структура древостоев сосны обыкновенной (PinussylvestrisL.) в чистых и смешанных лесонасаждениях Северной Степи Украины. Показано превалирование доли средневозрастных монокультур сосны. Средний запас древесины на 1 га во всех исследуемых возрастных группах однопородных насаждений превышает таковую в смешанных максимум на 17%. Приведена динамика изменений биометрических показателей (высоты, диаметра и запаса древесины) для разных по составу сосновых насаждений. По сравнению со средней высотой, показатель средного диаметра имеет большую зависимость от возраста, что особенно характерно для древостоев смешанного типа. Наблюдается тенденция доминирования формирования древесины в чистых по составу насаждениях во всех исследуемых классах возраста на 3–32 %. Показано падение величины среднего запаса по мере снижения бонитетного класса, которое в чистых насаждениях выше, сравнительно со смешанными. Приведены статистически достоверные значения зависимости таксационных параметров древостоев от возраста, как в чистых, так и смешанных.

Albedo of the soil cover as a factor of the temporal dynamics of readily available soil moisture in the technosols of the Nikopol manganese ore basin

The simulation of moisture content in Nikopol manganese ore basin technosols was performed using the Penman-Monteith approach and evaluate the role of the dependence of soils surface albedo from the humidity in the intensity of evapotranspiration. The sod lithogenic soils on loess-like loam and pedozem were chosen as the objects of the investigation. The research was conducted during 2012–2014 years at the investigation station of the remediation within Nikopol manganese ore basin (city Pokrov, Ukraine). The evapotranspiration from the soil surface was calculated by means of Penman-Monteith equation. Root zone moisture depletion is evaluated as the difference between soil water content at field capacity (pF = 2.3) and actual soil water content. The Ks value which is a water stress factor equals 1.0 as long as soil water content is higher than readily available water. If soil water content is lower than readily available water, Ks decreases linearly from one to zero according to total available soil water consumed. The soil water balance is performed in ISAREG with a daily time. The evaluation of readily available water content was carried out based on Penman-Monteith model taking into account meteorological data, technosols water-physical properties and the dependence of soil surface albedo on soil humidity. The color of the surface of the sod-lithogenic soil on the loess-like loam varies from yellow (2.5Y 4/2) in wet condition to yellow-red (10YR 6/5) in the dry condition. Albedo of this soil depended on the humidity varies in the range 0.17–0.31. The surface color of the pedozem varies from very dark gray (10YR 3/1) in wet condition to light-gray (2.5YR 6/2) in the dry condition. Albedo of this soil depended on the humidity varies in the range 0.10–0.31. There is a linear relationship between the moisture content in the soil and albedo of the soil surface. Albedo changes along with the humidity are most significant in the sod-lithogenic soils on loess-like loams. This is confirmed by the greatest regression coefficient. Albedo changes along with the moisture content are least significant in the pedozem. The distributionі of this index for different teсhnosols are characterized by a high level of similarity of shape due to the fact that the overall climate factors are crucial in shaping the dynamics of moisture. The distributions can be most good represented as a complex mixture of normal distributions. It was found that water supplies monitoring before the start of the growing season can provide valuable information necessary for the selection of crops for cultivation in the current year. The results indicate the urgency of measures to save the winter rainfall on the fields

The Discovery Potential of a Super B Factory

The Proceedings of the 2003 SLAC Workshops on flavor physics with a high luminosity asymmetric e+e- collider. The sensitivity of flavor physics to physics beyond the Standard Model is addressed in detail, in the context of the improvement of experimental measurements and theoretical calculations.Comment: 476 pages. Printed copies may be obtained by request to [email protected] . arXiv admin note: v2 appears to be identical to v

Snowmass White Paper: Prospects of CP-violation measurements with the Higgs boson at future experiments

The search for CP violation in interactions of the Higgs boson with either fermions or bosons provides attractive reference measurements in the Particle Physics Community Planning Exercise (a.k.a. "Snowmass"). Benchmark measurements of CP violation provide a limited and well-defined set of parameters that could be tested at the proton, electron-positron, photon, and muon colliders, and compared to those achieved through study of virtual effects in electric dipole moment measurements. We review the current status of these CP-sensitive studies and provide projections to future measurements.Comment: Snowmass White Paper. 23 pages, 6 figure

Hadronic Structure in the Decay τ−→π−π0ντ\tau^{-}\to \pi^{-}\pi^{0}\nu_{\tau}

We report on a study of the invariant mass spectrum of the hadronic system in the decay tau- -> pi- pi0 nu_tau. This study was performed with data obtained with the CLEO II detector operating at the CESR e+ e- collider. We present fits to phenomenological models in which resonance parameters associated with the rho(770) and rho(1450) mesons are determined. The pi- pi0 spectral function inferred from the invariant mass spectrum is compared with data on e+ e- -> pi+ pi- as a test of the Conserved Vector Current theorem. We also discuss the implications of our data with regard to estimates of the hadronic contribution to the muon anomalous magnetic moment.Comment: 39 pages postscript, also available through http://w4.lns.cornell.edu/public/CLN

Further Search for the Two-Photon Production of the Glueball Candidate fJ(2220)f_{J}(2220)

The CLEOII detector at the Cornell e+ e- storage ring CESR has been used to search for the two-photon production of the $f_J(2220)$ decaying into pi+ pi-. No evidence for a signal is found in data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 4.77/fb and a 95% CL upper limit on $\Gamma_{two-photon} * BR{pi+ pi-}$ of 2.5 eV is set. If this result is combined with the BES Collaboration's measurement of $f_J(2220) -> pi+ pi-$ in radiative $J/\psi$ decay, a 95% CL lower limit on the stickiness of the $f_J(2220)$ of 73 is obtained. If the recent CLEO result for \Gamma_{two-photon} * BR{\K_S K_S} is combined with the present result, the stickiness of the $f_J(2220)$ is found to be larger than 102 at the 95% CL. These results for the stickiness (the ratio of the probabilities for two-gluon coupling and two-photon coupling) provide further support for a substantial neutral parton content in the $f_J(2220)$.Comment: 8 pages, postscript file also available through http://w4.lns.cornell.edu/public/CLN

Study of 3-prong Hadronic τ\tau Decays with Charged Kaons

Using a sample of 4.7/fb integrated luminosity accumulated with the CLEO-II detector at the Cornell Electron Storage Ring (CESR), we have measured the branching fractions of the tau lepton into $K^- h^+ \pi^- \nu_\tau$ and $K^- K^+ \pi^- \nu_\tau$ relative to $h^- h^+ h^- \nu_\tau; K^- h^+ \pi^- \pi^0\nu_\tau$ and $K^- K^+ \pi^- \pi^0\nu_\tau$ relative to $h^- h^+ h^- \pi^0 \nu_\tau$. The relative branching fractions are: (5.16+-0.20+-0.50)*$10^{-2}$, (1.52+-0.14+-0.29)*$10^{-2}$, (2.54+-0.44+-0.39)*$10^{-2}$ and $<0.0154$ at 95% C.L., respectively. Coupled with additional experimental information, we use our results to extract information on the structure of three-prong tau decays to charged kaons.Comment: 16 pages postscript file also available through http://w4.lns.cornell.edu/public/CLN