Mechanochemical Synthesis of Intermetallic Compounds in the System Gallium – Ruthenium

Received: 28.12.2020. Revised: 05.02.2021. Accepted: 05.02.2021. Available online: 08.02.2021.This article belongs to the PCEE-2020 Special Issue.The interaction of a solid inert metal Ru with liquid active metal Ga during mechanical activation in a high-energy planetary ball mill was studied using the X-ray diffraction and the high resolution scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray microanalyses. This paper considers mechanical activation effects on formation of intermetallic compounds GaxRuy and their solubility in concentrated acids. Gallium is a surface-active substance with respect to Ruthenium. Under intensive mechanical treatment, liquid Gallium penetrates into grain boundaries of polycrystalline Ruthenium particles and sharply reduces their strength. Because of severe mechanical deformation, an intensive increase of contact surface between solid and liquid metals observed, which a place of rapid formation of intermetallic compounds. This processing leads to high reactive products of mechanical activation of Ga + Ru. Their interaction with a mixed concentrated hydrochloric and nitric acid allows Ruthenium (~37%) to pass into an acidic solution, forming complex compounds of the HxRuCly type (H2RuCl6).The research was carried out within the state assignment to ISSCM SB RAS (project No. 0237-2021-0002)

Dynamics of the Taxation Characteristics of Forest Stands in the North-West of Russia

Many researchers around the world show interest in forest ecosystems. Because the growth of forest stands depends on many environmental factors, forest stands can serve as study objects in research on climatic conditions and their role in forest architecture regulation. This study seeks to determine taxation indices of different tree stands to establish the possibility of forecasting the further course of forest development. The study sample includes forest stands with trees of different bonitet classes in the Leningrad region. The results show that climatic and other factors affect trees in different ways, depending on their species, age and location. The estimated height of pine in bonitet class II-IV is lower than the tabular one. The estimated diameter is higher than the tabular one in all cases except for one where stands consist of pine in bonitet class I. The biomass increment was smaller than expected in spruce trees of class III bonitet, pine trees of class II bonitet, and birch trees of class I bonitet. © 2022, HARD Publishing Company. All rights reserved

Механически стимулированные реакции в системах металл–оксид (карбид)

The processes of mechanochemical reduction of oxides of iron, nickel, and copper with aluminum with a stoichio metric ratio of components and in mixtures with a two-, three-, and four-fold excess of the aluminum content over the stoichiometric, as well as in the presence of an excess of oxide-forming metal and solid solutions of aluminum in iron and copper, were studied by the Mössbauer and IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, including the use of synchrotron radiation, and electron microscopy. The conditions for formation of metals modified with aluminum oxide (iron, nickel, copper) and their monoaluminides are determined. High aluminum content aluminides are formed at a three-fold excess of aluminum, and at a four-fold excess, a mechanochemical reduction of oxides does not occur. The preferred method for modifying metals with alumina is the mechanochemical reduction of oxides with a solid solution of aluminum in the oxideforming metal. Mechanochemical interaction in the high-energy Hf–C system in the presence of 20, 30, and 50 wt. % copper leads to the formation of hafnium carbide; and with an increase in the copper content, the crystallite size decreases.Методами мессбауэровской и ИК-спектроскопии, рентгеноструктурного анализа, в том числе с использованием синхротронного излучения, и электронной микроскопии изучены процессы механохимического восстановления оксидов железа, никеля и меди алюминием при стехиометрическом соотношении компонентов и в смесях с двух-, трех- и четырехкратным превышением содержания алюминия над стехиометрическим, а также в присутствии избытка оксидобразующего металла и твердых растворов алюминия в железе и меди. Определены условия, при которых могут быть получены металлы (железо, никель, медь) и их моноалюминиды, модифицированные оксидом алюминия. При трехкратном избытке алюминия формируются алюминиды с большим содержанием алюминия. При четырехкратном увеличении содержания алюминия механохимическое восстановление оксидов не происходит. Предпочтительным способом модифицирования металлов оксидом алюминия является механохимическое восстановление оксидов твердым раствором алюминия в металле, образующем оксид. Методами рентгеновской дифракции и электронной микроскопии изучено механохимическое взаимодействие в высокоэнергетической системе Hf–C в присутствии 20, 30 и 50 мас. % меди. Показано, что с увеличением содержания меди в системе Hf–C–Cu уменьшается размер кристаллитов образующегося карбида гафния

Механохимическое модифицирование оловянных бронз интерметаллидом Cu9 Al4

The influence of the conditions of mechanical activation of a mixture of Cu–12 wt. % Sn with different content of the modifier Cu9 Al4 on the structural-phase composition and morphology of the formed composites was studied by the methods of X-ray diffraction analysis, optical and electron microscopy. With the mechanochemical introduction of 10 wt. % of the modifying additive into the matrix of mechanosynthesized tin bronze, the product mainly forms a ternary solid solution of aluminum and tin in copper, Al0.05Cu0.9Sn0.05. In the case of 20 wt. % of the modifying additive, the product contains a solid solution of tin in copper Cu0.9Sn0.1 and an intermetallic compound Cu9 Al4. Studies of the mechanical and tribotechnical characteristics of the material obtained by sintering under pressure showed that the intensity of wear of bronze of the mechanochemically synthesized powder Cu–12 wt. % Sn is slightly less than that of industrial bronze BrTPh10-1, the friction coefficient f decreases by a factor of 1.4, and the range of its values is quite wide f = 0.7–0.9. Modification of mechanically synthesized Cu–12 wt. % Sn bronze with the Cu9 Al4 intermetallic compound makes it possible to reduce wear by a factor of 1.4–1.8 and significantly reduces the friction coefficient (by a factor of 2). A stable value of f = 0.5 is achieved for the MA composition Cu–12 wt. % Sn + 20 wt. % Cu9 Al4. The introduction of an intermetallic compound increases the microhardness of the alloys by a factor of 1.6–2.0 (up to Hμ = 2730 MPa) relative to the bronze alloy BrTPh10-1and mechanically synthesized bronze.Методами рентгеноструктурного анализа, оптической и электронной микроскопии изучено влияние условий механической активации смеси Cu–12 мас. % Sn с различным содержанием модификатора Cu9 Al4 на структурно-фазовый состав и морфологию формируемых композитов. При механохимическом введении 10 мас. %-ной модифицирующей добавки в матрицу механосинтезированной оловянной бронзы в продукте формируется в основном тройной твердый раствор алюминия и олова в меди, Al0,05Cu0,9Sn0,05. В случае 20 мас. %-ной модифицирующей добавки в продукте присутствуют твердый раствор олова в меди Cu0,9Sn0,1 и интерметаллид Cu9 Al4. Исследования механических и триботехнических характеристик материала, получаемого методом спекания под давлением, показали, что интенсивность изнашивания механохимически синтезированного порошка Cu–12 мас. % Sn незначительно меньше, чем у промышленной бронзы БрОФ 10-1, коэффициент трения f снижается в 1,4 раза, а диапазон разброса его значений достаточно широк f = 0,7–0,9. Модифицирование механосинтезированной бронзы Cu–12 мас. % Sn интерметаллидом Cu9 Al4 позволяет снизить изнашиваемость в 1,4–1,8 раза и значительно снизить коэффициент трения (в 2 раза). Cтабильное значение f = 0,5 достигается для механической активации состава Cu–12 мас. % Sn + + 20 мас. % Cu9 Al4. Введение интерметаллида повышает микротвердость сплавов в 1,6–2,0 раза (до Hμ = 2730 МПа) относительно сплава бронзы БрОФ 10-1 и механосинтезированной бронзы

Comparative Analysis of Thinning Techniques in Garchinsky Forestry

Thinning treatment is a necessary and complex forestry activity. The experimental results from plantations established 20-30 years ago and explains some concepts of the theory, practice, methods, and regime of thinning on the permanent sample plots of pine stands in Gatchinsky forestry of the Leningrad region were shown in this article. Choosing the right thinning method allows to optimize the yield, productivity and mortality of the stand. On the other hand, we observed improved merchantability of the stand, reduced time for forestation, and simplified thinning programs. Crown thinning is a less preferred method than bottom thinning, as it leads to a deterioration in the quality of trees and an increase in their mortality. The inexpediency of preliminary thinning of trees has been established. Tree thinning results in an improvement in the quality of the remaining stand, as nutrient utilization is greatly increased. Tree thinning must necessarily be combined with fertilization. Thinning without fertilization and fertilization without thinning show the worst results. In general, findings of this article can be used to improve approach of thinning treatment in the Leningrad or other regions in the North of Russian Federation © 2022. Mathematical Modelling of Engineering Problems.All Rights Reserve

Cu-10 wt.% Al Alloys Produced by Spark Plasma Sintering of Powder Blends and a Mechanically Alloyed Mixture: A Comparative Investigation

Cu–Al bronzes are interesting metallic materials, demonstrating higher hardness, higher wear resistance, higher corrosion resistance and a lower friction coefficient as compared with unalloyed copper. The powder metallurgy approach to the fabrication of these alloys presents opportunities to tailor their phase composition and grain size. In the present work, the structural characteristics, phase composition and properties of Cu-10 wt.% Al alloys obtained by spark plasma sintering (SPS) of powder blends and a powder obtained by mechanical alloying (based on Cu(Al) solid solution) are reported. Alloys with different interaction degrees between the metals were obtained by SPS. The blends demonstrated better sinterability than the mechanically alloyed powder: a nearly fully dense alloy was obtained by SPS of the blend at 480 °C, whereas a temperature of 800 °C was necessary to consolidate the mechanically alloyed powder. The hardness and electrical conductivity of the sintered alloys were comparatively analyzed. It was shown that the Cu-10 wt.% Al alloys obtained without the mechanical alloying stage possess hardness and electrical conductivity comparable to those of the alloys obtained from the mechanically milled powder