Comparative Advertising Wars: An Historical Analysis of Their Causes and Consequences

This historical study contributes to the extensive literature on comparative advertising by examining the causes and consequences of comparative advertising wars; that is, when one advertiser responds to a direct or implied attack by another advertiser. Primary and secondary sources consist of articles published in historic and contemporary marketing and advertising trade journals, such as Printers’ Ink, Advertising & Selling, and Advertising Age. The findings reveal that well-publicized advertising wars occurred frequently between major U.S. advertisers throughout the twentieth century and into the twenty-first, and that they most often occurred in product and service markets characterized by intense competition. Many, if not most, advertisers’ principal motive for responding to a comparative advertising attack has been emotional rather than rational. The findings also reveal that advertising wars often became increasingly hostile, leading to negative consequences for all combatants, as well as a broad and negative social consequence in the form of potentially misleading advertising.Yeshttps://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/manuscript-submission-guideline

Pb/Ge(111)1x1: An anisotropic two-dimensional liquid

We report x-ray measurements of a ring of diffuse scattering due to a single layer of liquid Pb in the 1×1 phase of Pb/Ge(111), above 180 °C. The ring is part of a cylinder in reciprocal space, and its radial position differs significantly from that of the first ring due to bulk liquid Pb. The ring is found to be azimuthally anisotropic, due to interaction with the substrat