Both “illness and temptation of the enemy”: melancholy, the medieval patient and the writings of King Duarte of Portugal (r. 1433–38)

Recent historians have rehabilitated King Duarte of Portugal, previously maligned and neglected, as an astute ruler and philosopher. There is still a tendency, however, to view Duarte as a depressive or a hypochondriac, due to his own description of his melancholy in his advice book, the Loyal Counselor. This paper reassesses Duarte's writings, drawing on key approaches in the history of medicine, such as narrative medicine and the history of the patient. It is important to take Duarte's views on his condition seriously, placing them in the medical and theological contexts of his time and avoiding modern retrospective diagnosis. Duarte's writings can be used to explore the impact of plague, doubt and death on the life of a well-educated and conscientious late-medieval ruler

Multiconfigurational Approach to X-ray Spectroscopy of Transition Metal Complexes

Close correlation between theoretical modeling and experimental spectroscopy allows for identification of the electronic and geometric structure of a system through its spectral fingerprint. This is can be used to verify mechanistic proposals and is a valuable complement to calculations of reaction mechanisms using the total energy as the main criterion. For transition metal systems, X-ray spectroscopy offers a unique probe because the core-excitation energies are element specific, which makes it possible to focus on the catalytic metal. The core hole is atom-centered and sensitive to the local changes in the electronic structure, making it useful for redox active catalysts. The possibility to do time-resolved experiments also allows for rapid detection of metastable intermediates. Reliable fingerprinting requires a theoretical model that is accurate enough to distinguish between different species and multiconfigurational wavefunction approaches have recently been extended to model a number of X-ray processes of transition metal complexes. Compared to ground-state calculations, modeling of X-ray spectra is complicated by the presence of the core hole, which typically leads to multiple open shells and large effects of spin–orbit coupling. This chapter describes how these effects can be accounted for with a multiconfigurational approach and outline the basic principles and performance. It is also shown how a detailed analysis of experimental spectra can be used to extract additional information about the electronic structure