Biogeographic patterns and environmental drivers of species richness in the globally distributed Millettioid/Phaseoloid clade (Fabaceae, subfamily Papilionoideae)

IntroductionThe Millettioid/Phaseoloid (MP) clade of Fabaceae is globally distributed, economically important, and highly diverse, making it an attractive system for studying biogeographic and macroecological patterns at a global scale. We conducted the first global macroecological study to map and explore the environmental drivers of the MP clade's species richness patterns.MethodsWe compiled 116,212 species occurrences (161 genera) for the MP clade and 20 environmental variables (19 bioclimatic variables and elevation). Geospatial analyses were performed to estimate species richness patterns and biogeographic heterogeneity. The effects of environmental variables on the species richness of the MP clade were measured through multiple regression models.ResultsOur study identified the megathermal regions as hotspots of species richness for the MP clade. While species distributions and richness largely fit the latitudinal diversity gradient pattern, there was a significant negative relationship between the species richness of the MP clade along the latitude and longitude. The Afrotropic biogeographic realm had the highest alpha diversity (~36%); in terms of biome types, tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests had the highest alpha diversity (25%), while the beta diversity revealed a high dispersal rate and habitat tracking. Furthermore, the species richness was positively influenced by multiple climatic factors, with the mean diurnal range of temperatures and precipitation in the warmest quarter having strongest influence.DiscussionOverall, the staggering species richness patterns could be explained by multiple diversity gradient hypotheses. Particularly, colder climates play a crucial role in shaping the species richness pattern by limiting the ecological opportunities for MP clade species in the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. This suggests that the species richness patterns of the MP clade can be described as "when dispersal meets adaptation." Our study provides a new basis for identifying priority regions for conservation of legumes

A Targeted Enrichment Strategy for Massively Parallel Sequencing of Angiosperm Plastid Genomes

Premise of the study: We explored a targeted enrichment strategy to facilitate rapid and low-cost next-generation sequencing (NGS) of numerous complete plastid genomes from across the phylogenetic breadth of angiosperms

Shifts in evolutionary lability underlie independent gains and losses of root-nodule symbiosis in a single clade of plants

11 Pág.Root nodule symbiosis (RNS) is a complex trait that enables plants to access atmospheric nitrogen converted into usable forms through a mutualistic relationship with soil bacteria. Pinpointing the evolutionary origins of RNS is critical for understanding its genetic basis, but building this evolutionary context is complicated by data limitations and the intermittent presence of RNS in a single clade of ca. 30,000 species of flowering plants, i.e., the nitrogen-fixing clade (NFC). We developed the most extensive de novo phylogeny for the NFC and an RNS trait database to reconstruct the evolution of RNS. Our analysis identifies evolutionary rate heterogeneity associated with a two-step process: An ancestral precursor state transitioned to a more labile state from which RNS was rapidly gained at multiple points in the NFC. We illustrate how a two-step process could explain multiple independent gains and losses of RNS, contrary to recent hypotheses suggesting one gain and numerous losses, and suggest a broader phylogenetic and genetic scope may be required for genome-phenome mapping.This work was supported by DOE grant DE-SC0018247 to M.K., R.G., P.S., and D.S. and a UFBI grant (University of Florida). We thank Katharina Pawlowski for reviewing our scoring of actinorhizal symbiosis and for related discussions. We thank Colin Hughes and other members of the Legume Phylogeny Working Group for reviewing and helping to resolve taxonomy issues in Leguminosae. We thank Mark Whitten, Kelly Balmant, Chris Dervinis, Joshua Dieringer, and Henry Schmidt for help with specimen sampling.Peer reviewe

Author Correction: Shifts in evolutionary lability underlie independent gains and losses of root-nodule symbiosis in a single clade of plants

Correction to: Nature Communications https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-48036-3, published online 27 May 2024 http://hdl.handle.net/10261/361232Correction to: Nature Communicationshttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-48036-3, published online 27 May 2024 In this article the funding from the ‘National Science Foundation of China (No. 31720103903)’ was omitted. The original article has been corrected.In this article the funding from the ‘National Science Foundation of China (No. 31720103903) was omitted.Peer reviewe

Factors Associated with Revision Surgery after Internal Fixation of Hip Fractures

Background: Femoral neck fractures are associated with high rates of revision surgery after management with internal fixation. Using data from the Fixation using Alternative Implants for the Treatment of Hip fractures (FAITH) trial evaluating methods of internal fixation in patients with femoral neck fractures, we investigated associations between baseline and surgical factors and the need for revision surgery to promote healing, relieve pain, treat infection or improve function over 24 months postsurgery. Additionally, we investigated factors associated with (1) hardware removal and (2) implant exchange from cancellous screws (CS) or sliding hip screw (SHS) to total hip arthroplasty, hemiarthroplasty, or another internal fixation device. Methods: We identified 15 potential factors a priori that may be associated with revision surgery, 7 with hardware removal, and 14 with implant exchange. We used multivariable Cox proportional hazards analyses in our investigation. Results: Factors associated with increased risk of revision surgery included: female sex, [hazard ratio (HR) 1.79, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.25-2.50; P = 0.001], higher body mass index (fo

Nothapodytes Blume

Genus <i>Nothapodytes</i> Blume <p>Fig. 20.1–20.18</p> Description <p>FRUIT. Elliptical to almost oblong, asymmetrical at the apex, laterally compressed, red-black when mature. Epicarp strigose, with yellow simple hairs with granular ornamentation, shriveled when dry, revealing the underlying endocarp rugosities. Calyx persistent.</p> <p>ENDOCARP. Cream to brown, elliptical to oblong in lateral view, lenticular to globose in transverse section. Channel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex asymmetrical in lateral view, with a subapical bulge; base symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp rugose, irregular. Vasculature of the endocarp resting between the rugosities. Primary vascular bundle positioned in the channel in the plane of symmetry or outside the endocarp wall. Endocarp wall composed of periclinally oriented cells. Locule surface smooth, not lacunate.</p>Published as part of <i>Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645</i> on page 58, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/3829651">http://zenodo.org/record/3829651</a&gt

Iodes seguinii Rehder

<i>Iodes seguinii</i> (H.Lév.) Rehder <p>Fig. 15.18–15.26</p> Material examined <p> <b>Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description</b></p> <p> CHINA • Kouy-Tcheou Province; Jun. 1912; <i>Abbé Cavalerie 3932</i>; P [MNHN-P-P05279333].</p> Description <p>FRUIT. Elliptical to oblong, red when mature. Epicarp puberulent, with yellow uncinate hairs, smooth when dry. Mesocarp thin when dry. Length 15–23 mm, width 10–16 mm, thickness 5.0– 7.9 mm.</p> <p>ENDOCARP. Brown, oblong in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length ca 16.5 mm, width ca 11 mm, thickness ca 8.1 mm. Channel surrounding the endocarp on only one side in the plane of symmetry. Apex asymmetrical, flattened in the lateral view; base flattened and symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp smooth with thin, faintly apparent channels, 3–4 main channels running longitudinally. Vasculature of the endocarp in the channels; primary vascular bundle positioned inside the channel surrounding the endocarp. Endocarp wall 173–226 µm thick. Endocarp wall with ca 12 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 9.9–15.4 µm in width. Locule surface smooth, not lacunate.</p>Published as part of <i>Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645</i> on page 45, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/3829651">http://zenodo.org/record/3829651</a&gt

Pyrenacantha capitata H. Perrier 1944

<i>Pyrenacantha capitata</i> H.Perrier <p>Fig. 24.18–24.26</p> Material examined <p> <b>Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description</b></p> <p> MADAGASCAR • 2002; <i>F. Ratovoson et al. 678</i>; P [MNHN-P-P00440639].</p> <p> <b>Other material</b></p> <p> MADAGASCAR • 2005; <i>T. Andriamihajarivo et al. 638</i>; P [MNHN-P-P06807829].</p> Description <p>FRUIT. Elliptical, slightly accrescent at the apex. Epicarp pilose with yellow long and thin hairs, shriveled when dry. Mesocarp 360–400 µm thick when dry. Calyx persistent. Length 17–21 mm, width 8–12 mm, thickness 4–6 mm.</p> <p>ENDOCARP. Cream, elliptical in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length ca 17.1 mm, width ca 10.4 mm, thickness ca 4.5 mm. Trace of keel present in the upper part. Apex with acute protuberance but flattened laterally, asymmetrical in lateral view; base rounded, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp pitted and ridged with only 1–2 longitudinal ridges present in the flattened apical part. Pits circular, occasionally elongate, 0.2–0.6 mm in diameter, more or less randomly arranged with 10–13 pits longitudinally and 8–10 pits transversally (ca 107–114 pits per face). Pits associated with spiny tubercles protruding into the locule; tubercles ca 1500 µm in length and 420–620 µm in diameter at the base, with 20–23 cells in width. Tubercle cells sclerotic, digitate and elongate. Endocarp wall 246–289 µm thick (excluding pits). Endocarp wall (excluding pits), with three cell layers: outermost layer with 4–7 rows of anticlinally oriented to isodiametric cells, cells 15.4–28.9 µm in length, followed by a layer with 9–12 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 10.0– 11.2 µm in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 5.0– 9.9 µm in width, lining the locule surface with more or less flattened cells. Locule surface not lacunate.</p>Published as part of <i>Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645</i> on page 76, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/3829651">http://zenodo.org/record/3829651</a&gt

Leretia cordata Vell.

<i>Leretia cordata</i> Vell. <p>Fig. 17.1–16.9</p> Material examined <p> <b>Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description</b></p> <p> BOLIVIA • Pando; 17 Jun. 1987; <i>J. C. Solomon 17073</i>; U [U.1343377].</p> <p> <b>Other material</b></p> <p> FRENCH GUIANA • Crique Baboune; 29 Jul.1981; <i>Centre Orstom 4687</i>; P [MNHN-P-P05221896].</p> Description <p>FRUIT.Elliptical, apex asymmetrical, red-black when mature. Epicarp glabrous, channels with vasculature marked when dry. Mesocarp 200–240 µm thick when dry. Calyx persistent. Length 20–50 mm, width 13–30 mm, thickness 12.7–16.0 mm.</p> <p>ENDOCARP. Cream, elliptical to oblong in lateral view, globose in transverse section, length ca 22.5 mm, width ca 13 mm, thickness ca 12.3 mm. Channel surrounding the endocarp on one side in the plane of symmetry. Apex slightly asymmetrical in lateral view; base rounded, slightly asymmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp smooth with ca 3 main shallow channels containing the vasculature of the endocarp. Endocarp primary vascular bundle embedded within the endocarp wall. Endocarp wall 353– 386 µm thick. Endocarp wall with ca 12–14 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 16.3–33.0 µm in width. Inner endocarp surface smooth with long and thin hairs. Locule surface slightly lacunate.</p>Published as part of <i>Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645</i> on page 50, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/3829651">http://zenodo.org/record/3829651</a&gt

Pyrenacantha Hook.

Genus <i>Pyrenacantha</i> Hook. <p>Figs 23.10–23.27, 24–30, 31.1–31.9</p> Description <p>FRUIT. Elliptical to globose, apex accrescent elongate, sometimes widely inflated, laterally compressed or not, yellow to black when mature. Epicarp puberulent to pilose, with simple hairs, small ovoid hairs with an acuminate apex, long and thin hairs, or uncinate hairs, yellow, occasionally red or white; occasionally shriveled when dry, revealing the underlying reticulum of endocarp ridges. Calyx absent or persistent, often separated from the fruit by more or less extended gynophore.</p> <p>ENDOCARP.Brown to cream, elliptical-ovoid to globose, rarely deltoid in lateral view, lenticular to globose in transverse section. Keel, more or less visible, surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex asymmetrical in lateral view; base symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp pitted and ridged, with the ridges delimiting a reticulate pattern, which in general surrounds the pits. Sometimes the ridges are not visible except at the apex. Pits more or less circular, in longitudinal lines or randomly distributed, each pit associated with a tubercle protruding into the locule; tubercles spiny, peg-shaped, cylindrical, or elongate-flattened. Vasculature of the endocarp free; primary vascular bundle positioned outside the endocarp wall. Endocarp wall mainly with three stratified cell layers. Locule surface often with regularly spaced and rounded to large papillae, occasionally only present at the apex of the tubercles, smooth in some cases, not clearly lacunate.</p>Published as part of <i>Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645</i> on page 69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/3829651">http://zenodo.org/record/3829651</a&gt