Assessment of Seventh Grade Students\u27 Attitudes Towards Writing

Eleven students in seventh grade were pretested regarding their attitudes towards writing, using the Knudson Writing Attitude Survey for Children. A writing workshop based on the Nancie Atwell model was implemented for one month with the group. The students took the Knudson Survey again as a post test after the workshop. Results varied, with some of the students\u27 attitudes remaining the same, some improving, and some declining. Suggestions for further research include studying the impact of specific teaching methodologies on writing self-efficacy beliefs, designing surveys to assess only self-efficacy beliefs, and studying the reasons for the drop in self-efficacy beliefs among middle-school students

Managing artificial intelligence projects: Key insights from an AI consulting firm

While organisations are increasingly interested in artificial intelligence (AI), many AI projects encounter significant issues or even fail. To gain a deeper understanding of the issues that arise during these projects and the practices that contribute to addressing them, we study the case of Consult, a North American AI consulting firm that helps organisations leverage the power of AI by providing custom solutions. The management of AI projects at Consult is a multi-method approach that draws on elements from traditional project management, agile practices, and AI workflow practices. While the combination of these elements enables Consult to be effective in delivering AI projects to their customers, our analysis reveals that managing AI projects in this way draw upon three core logics, that is, commonly shared norms, values, and prescribed behaviours which influence actors\u27 understanding of how work should be done. We identify that the simultaneous presence of these three logics—a traditional project management logic, an agile logic, and an AI workflow logic—gives rise to conflicts and issues in managing AI projects at Consult, and successfully managing these AI projects involves resolving conflicts that arise between them. From our case findings, we derive four strategies to help organisations better manage their AI projects

Nanomechanical testing of freestanding polymer thin films

A new approach for tensile testing of freestanding polymer thin films has been developed to investigate nanomechanical phenomena with precise control of strain rate, environmental and in situ TEM imaging capabilities. Several techniques for mechanical testing of polymer thin films have been reported previously, but there is a lack of consensus regarding size-dependent mechanical properties1–3. The technique described here is derived from a nanomechanical tensile testing platform known as at Push-to-Pull (PTP) device (Figure 1) using a novel sample preparation approach. A free-standing specimen is placed across the tensile actuation gap of the PTP device such that it can be mounted at the end of a specialized TEM holder for quantitative in situ tensile testing or to a specialized mount was designed to enable PTP experiments to be performed using a stand-alone nanoindenter. With this adaptation, all of the capabilities of ex situ nanoindentation are accessible to PTP tensile testing; which includes environmental control (temperature and humidity), DMA, and a wide range of strain rates. Polystyrene was chosen as a model system for direct comparison with alternative testing techniques. While polystyrene is traditionally thought of as a brittle polymer at room temperature, our initial testing of thin sections has revealed extreme ductility (Figure 1). Ductility in polystyrene thin films has been previously reported in literature1–3, but only to elongations of less than 7% before fracture. Initial results using the PTP device have shown extreme ductility in polystyrene, with strains exceeding 100% without fracture. Our results appear to be independent of strain rate in the range tested; unlike the yield stress, which shows a strong strain-rate dependence. The origin of this nanomechanical pheno Please click Additional Files below to see the full abstract

Mutation of an Arabidopsis Golgi membrane protein ELMO1 reduces cell adhesion

Plant growth, morphogenesis and development involve cellular adhesion, a process dependent on the composition and structure of the extracellular matrix or cell wall. Pectin in the cell wall is thought to play an essential role in adhesion, and its modification and cleavage are suggested to be highly regulated so as to change adhesive properties. To increase our understanding of plant cell adhesion, a population of ethyl methanesulfonate-mutagenized Arabidopsis were screened for hypocotyl adhesion defects using the pectin binding dye Ruthenium Red that penetrates defective but not wild-type (WT) hypocotyl cell walls. Genomic sequencing was used to identify a mutant allele of ELMO1 which encodes a 20 kDa Golgi membrane protein that has no predicted enzymatic domains. ELMO1 colocalizes with several Golgi markers and elmo1-/- plants can be rescued by an ELMO1-GFP fusion. elmo1-/- exhibits reduced mannose content relative to WT but no other cell wall changes and can be rescued to WT phenotype by mutants in ESMERALDA1, which also suppresses other adhesion mutants. elmo1 describes a previously unidentified role for the ELMO1 protein in plant cell adhesion

Sequence Profile of the Parallel β Helix in the Pectate Lyase Superfamily

The parallel β helix structure found in the pectatelyasesuperfamily has been analyzed in detail. A comparative analysis of known structures has revealed a unique sequenceprofile, with a strong positional preference for specific amino acids oriented toward the interior of the parallel β helix. Using the unique sequenceprofile, search patterns have been constructed and applied to the sequence databases to identify a subset of proteins that are likely to fold into the parallel β helix. Of the 19 families identified, 39% are known to be carbohydrate-binding proteins, and 50% belong to a broad category of proteins with sequences containing leucine-rich repeats (LRRs). The most striking result is the sequence match between the search pattern and four contiguous segments of internalin A, a surface protein from the bacterial pathogenListeria monocytogenes.A plausible model of the repetitive LRR sequences of internalin A has been constructed and favorable 3D–1D profile scores have been calculated. Moreover, spectroscopic features characteristic of the parallel β helix topology in the pectate lyases are present in the circular dichroic spectrum of internalin A. Altogether, the data support the hypothesis that sequence search patterns can be used to identify proteins, including a subset of LRR proteins, that are likely to fold into the parallel β helix

Sequence Profile of the Parallel β Helix in the Pectate Lyase Superfamily

The parallel β helix structure found in the pectatelyasesuperfamily has been analyzed in detail. A comparative analysis of known structures has revealed a unique sequenceprofile, with a strong positional preference for specific amino acids oriented toward the interior of the parallel β helix. Using the unique sequenceprofile, search patterns have been constructed and applied to the sequence databases to identify a subset of proteins that are likely to fold into the parallel β helix. Of the 19 families identified, 39% are known to be carbohydrate-binding proteins, and 50% belong to a broad category of proteins with sequences containing leucine-rich repeats (LRRs). The most striking result is the sequence match between the search pattern and four contiguous segments of internalin A, a surface protein from the bacterial pathogenListeria monocytogenes.A plausible model of the repetitive LRR sequences of internalin A has been constructed and favorable 3D–1D profile scores have been calculated. Moreover, spectroscopic features characteristic of the parallel β helix topology in the pectate lyases are present in the circular dichroic spectrum of internalin A. Altogether, the data support the hypothesis that sequence search patterns can be used to identify proteins, including a subset of LRR proteins, that are likely to fold into the parallel β helix

Water quality and immatures of the M and S forms of Anopheles gambiae s.s. and An. arabiensis in a Malian village

INTRODUCTION: The associations between the immatures of Anopheles gambiae s.s. (Diptera: Culicidae), its M and S forms, and Anopheles arabiensis among and within larval breeding habitats in Banambani, Mali were investigated under varying conditions of water quality and rainfall. The intent was to elucidate on niche partitioning of these taxa. METHODS: Immatures of An. arabiensis, An. gambiae s.s., and its M and S forms were sampled every alternate day for a month in mid-rainy season from three sampling sites in each of the larval breeding habitats (rock pools, swamp, and puddles). Water quality was characterized by alkalinity, conductivity, dissolved oxygen (D.O.), nitrate, orthophosphate, pH, temperature, total dissolved solids (TDS), and turbidity. A type 3 analysis of the GENMOD model was used to examine the associations between the proportional frequencies of young (first and second instar larvae) and old (third and fourth instar larvae and pupae) or total immatures of species or forms among sampling sites within and among larval breeding habitats during a category of rainfall as influenced by water quality. RESULTS: Of the 4,174 immatures sampled, 1,300 were molecularly identified to species and forms. Significant association between the proportional frequencies of young larvae of An. arabiensis, An. gambiae s.s., its M and S forms was found among sampling sites within habitats but not among larval breeding habitats. The proportional frequencies of young larvae of M and S forms varied daily perhaps due to recruitment, mortality, and dispersal within habitats. Conductivity and TDS had significant effects when the proportional frequencies of young larvae of M and S forms among sampling sites within habitats were significantly associated. Alkalinity, D.O., orthophosphate, pH, nitrate, temperature and turbidity had no effects on niche partitioning of species and forms among sampling sites within habitats. Rainfall did not affect the frequencies of these immatures. CONCLUSION: Conductivity and TDS have significant effects on niche partitioning of young larvae of M and S forms among sampling sites within habitats in Banambani, Mali

Polar Bear (Ursus maritimus) Behavior near Icebreaker Operations in the Chukchi Sea, 1991

Increasing interactions of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) with human activity, combined with impacts of climate change, are of critical concern for the conservation of the species. Our study quantifies and describes initial reactions and behaviors of polar bears observed from an icebreaker during summer 1991 at two exploratory drilling sites (near sites drilled in 2015) located in the Chukchi Sea 175 km and 312 km west of Barrow, Alaska. Polar bear behavior was described using continuous sampling of six predetermined focal group behavior states (walking, running, swimming, resting, feeding or foraging, unknown) and six behavioral reaction events (no reaction, walking away, running away, approaching, vigilance [i.e., watching], unknown). Forty-six bears in 34 groups were monitored from the Robert LeMeur (an Arctic Class 3 icebreaker) for periods of five minutes to 16.1 hours. Significantly more bear groups reacted to icebreaker presence (79%) than not (21%), but no relationship was found between their reactions and distance to or activity of the icebreaker. Reactions were generally brief; vigilance was the most commonly observed reaction, followed by walking or running away for short (< 5 minutes) periods and distances (< 500 m). Eleven percent of bear groups approached the vessel. No significant difference was found between reactions when cubs were present and those when cubs were absent. Despite the limited sample sizes, these findings are relevant to assessing potential impacts of resource development and shipping activities on polar bears, especially given the sparsity of such information in the face of growing human activity in the Arctic offshore areas. Overall, climate change is leading to longer and more extensive open-water seasons in the Arctic and therefore to increasing marine traffic—more vessels (including icebreakers) for a longer time each year over a wider area. Les interactions de plus en plus grandes entre les ours polaires (Ursus maritimus) et l’activité humaine, alliées aux incidences du changement climatique, constituent une préoccupation critique en matière de conservation de l’espèce. Notre étude permet de quantifier et de décrire les réactions et les comportements initiaux des ours polaires observés à partir d’un brise-glace à l’été 1991 à deux sites de forage d’exploration (près de chantiers forés en 2015) dans la mer des Tchouktches, à 175 km et à 312 km à l’ouest de Barrow, en Alaska. Le comportement des ours polaires a été décrit en recourant à l’échantillonnage en continu de six états de comportement prédéterminés pour le groupe ciblé (marcher, courir, nager, se reposer, manger ou chercher de la nourriture et comportement inconnu) et de six réactions comportementales aux événements (aucune réaction, s’en aller à la marche, s’en aller à la course, s’approcher, faire preuve de vigilance [c’est-à-dire observer], réaction inconnue). Quarante-six ours faisant partie de 34 groupes ont été surveillés à partir du Robert LeMeur (un brise-glace de l’Arctique de classe 3) pendant des périodes allant de cinq minutes à 16,1 heures. Fait important, plus de groupes d’ours ont réagi à la présence du brise-glace (79 %) que pas réagi (21 %), mais aucune relation n’a pu être établie entre leurs réactions et la distance ou l’activité du brise-glace. De manière générale, les réactions étaient brèves. La vigilance était la réaction la plus souvent observée, suivie du fait de s’en aller en marchant ou de s’en aller à la course pendant de courtes (< 5 minutes) périodes et distances (< 500 m). Onze pour cent des groupes d’ours se sont approchés du vaisseau. Aucune différence importante n’a été relevée entre les réactions, qu’il y ait des oursons ou non. Malgré la taille restreinte des échantillons, ces constatations ont de la pertinence dans l’évaluation des incidences potentielles des activités de mise en valeur et de transport des ressources sur les ours polaires, surtout compte tenu de la rareté de telles données à la lumière de l’activité humaine croissante dans les zones extracôtières de l’Arctique. Dans l’ensemble, le changement climatique mène à des saisons navigables plus longues et plus étendues dans l’Arctique. Par conséquent, le trafic maritime s’accentue en ce sens qu’il y a plus de vaisseaux (brise-glace y compris) pendant de plus longues périodes chaque année, sur de plus grandes surfaces