4th Annual Idaho Public Policy Survey

This report presents the results from the fourth annual omnibus survey of the opinions held by Idahoans on public affairs issues. It builds upon its predecessors by asking many of the same questions that were posed to respondents during the past three years. Our intent is to build a longitudinal data-base so that trends in public opinion can be traced over time. In addition to the questions that we repeat from year to year, each volume of the Idaho Policy Survey contains findings that are derived from asking questions that bear upon topics that may be of special interest only during a particular year. Thus the reader is given information that allows over-time comparisons of enduring issues, as well as focused case studies of hot topics. Volume 4 of the Idaho Policy Survey contains four sections. As in the three previous survey reports, the first section examines citizens\u27 opinions on the quality of life in Idaho, and what problems facing the state are seen as the most important. The next section focuses on attitudes toward the federal, state, and local levels of government, as well as on the perceived fairness of different types of taxes and the degree of support for state spending increases in eleven broad service areas. The third section moves on to consider a variety of health and welfare issues. Finally, the last section explores how residents of the Gem State feel about potential environmental problems in Idaho. The report concludes with a methodological appendix that summarizes the procedure used to draw the sample and conduct the interviews

EFFECTS OF CHANGING ECONOMIC RELATIONSHIPS ON THE FED-BEEF PRODUCTION/DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

Agribusiness,

Usefulness of heart measures in flight simulation

The results of three studies performed at the NASA Langley Research Center are presented to indicate the areas in which heart measures are useful for detecting differences in the workload state of subjects. Tasks that involve the arousal of the sympathetic nervous system, such as landing approaches, were excellent candidates for the use of average heart-rate and/or the increase in heart-rate during a task. The latter of these two measures was the better parameter because it removed the effects of diurnal variations in heart-rate and some of the intersubject variability. Tasks which differ in the amount of mental resources required are excellent candidates for heart-rate variability measures. Heart-rate variability measures based upon power spectral density techniques were responsive to the changing task demands of landing approach tasks, approach guidance options, and 2 versus 20 second interstimulus-intervals of a monitoring task. Heart-rate variability measures were especially sensitive to time-on-task when the task was characterized by minimal novelty, complexity, and uncertainty (i.e., heart-rate variability increases as a function of the subjects boredom)

Targeted silencing of Jab1/Csn5 in human cells downregulates SCF activity through reduction of F-box protein levels

BACKGROUND: SCF ubiquitin ligases target numerous proteins for ubiquitin dependent proteolysis, including p27 and cyclin E. SCF and other cullin-RING ligases (CRLs) are regulated by the ubiquitin-like protein Nedd8 that covalently modifies the cullin subunit. The removal of Nedd8 is catalyzed by the Jab1/MPN domain metalloenzyme (JAMM) motif within the Csn5 subunit of the Cop9 Signalosome. RESULTS: Here, we conditionally knock down Csn5 expression in HEK293 human cells using a doxycycline-inducible shRNA system. Cullin levels were not altered in CSN-deficient human cells, but the levels of multiple F-box proteins were decreased. Molecular analysis indicates that this decrease was due to increased Cul1- and proteasome-dependent turnover. Diminished F-box levels resulted in reduced SCF activity, as evidenced by accumulation of two substrates of the F-box protein Fbw7, cyclin E and c-myc, in Csn5-depleted cells. CONCLUSION: We propose that deneddylation of Cul1 is required to sustain optimal activity of SCF ubiquitin ligases by repressing 'autoubiquitination' of F-box proteins within SCF complexes, thereby rescuing them from premature degradation

Cattle Feedlot Placement, Feeding, and Marketing Strategies Under Alternative Price Relationships.

16 p

z~2: An Epoch of Disk Assembly

We explore the evolution of the internal gas kinematics of star-forming galaxies from the peak of cosmic star-formation at $z\sim2$ to today. Measurements of galaxy rotation velocity $V_{rot}$, which quantify ordered motions, and gas velocity dispersion $\sigma_g$, which quantify disordered motions, are adopted from the DEEP2 and SIGMA surveys. This sample covers a continuous baseline in redshift from $z=2.5$ to $z=0.1$, spanning 10 Gyrs. At low redshift, nearly all sufficiently massive star-forming galaxies are rotationally supported ($V_{rot}>\sigma_g$). By $z=2$, the percentage of galaxies with rotational support has declined to 50$\%$ at low stellar mass ($10^{9}-10^{10}\,M_{\odot}$) and 70$\%$ at high stellar mass ($10^{10}-10^{11}M_{\odot}$). For $V_{rot}\,>\,3\,\sigma_g$, the percentage drops below 35$\%$ for all masses. From $z\,=\,2$ to now, galaxies exhibit remarkably smooth kinematic evolution on average. All galaxies tend towards rotational support with time, and it is reached earlier in higher mass systems. This is mostly due to an average decline in $\sigma_g$ by a factor of 3 since a redshift of 2, which is independent of mass. Over the same time period, $V_{rot}$ increases by a factor of 1.5 for low mass systems, but does not evolve for high mass systems. These trends in $V_{rot}$ and $\sigma_g$ with time are at a fixed stellar mass and should not be interpreted as evolutionary tracks for galaxy populations. When galaxy populations are linked in time with abundance matching, not only does $\sigma_g$ decline with time as before, but $V_{rot}$ strongly increases with time for all galaxy masses. This enhances the evolution in $V_{rot}/\sigma_g$. These results indicate that $z\,=\,2$ is a period of disk assembly, during which the strong rotational support present in today's massive disk galaxies is only just beginning to emerge.Comment: 12 pages, 8 figures, submitted to Ap

Blood Reservoir Function of the Fetal Guinea Pig Liver

To determine of the fetal liver functions as a blood reservoir, we measured liver blood volume under normal conditions and after hemorrhage and volume loading. Nineteen pregnant guinea pig sows and 54 near-term fetuses were injected intravenously with 51Cr-labeled red cells while the fetuses remained in utero. Ninety seconds later a 0.5-1.0 g sample of liver was garroted with a sharp wire into a tared tube with minimal blood loss. A blood sample was taken to measure counts per ml of blood, the fetus killed and the remainder of the liver weighed. Blood volume of the liver and body were calculated. Groups of fetuses were studied with normal volume, after 14% hemorrhage and 12% volume loading. Adult sows weighed 1235 ± 29 (SEM) g with a blood volume of 60.4 ± 2.3 ml, of which the liver contained 11.2 ± 0.5 ml. Fetuses weighed 58.2 ± 1.8 g. Under normal conditions fetal blood volume was 5.1 ± 0.2 ml and the liver contained 22.7 ± 1.8% of total blood volume. This fell to 16.9 ± 1.6% after hemorrhage, but did not change significantly from normal during volume loading. These results indicate the fetal liver is relatively larger than the adult and contains more blood per gram of tissue. Following decreases in blood volume the fetal liver acts as a blood reservoir by releasing blood into the circulation. It releases a volume equal to about 60% of the shed blood after a moderate hemorrhage