4 research outputs found

    Information and Communication Technologies in Areas of Limited Statehood

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    This paper analyzes the effects of information and communication technology (ICT) on governance where the state‘s ability to authoritatively implement and enforce political decisions is weak or functionally absent – areas of limited statehood (AoLS). How do ICTs influence the provision of collective goods in AoLS, especially in policy fields such as security, welfare and the environment? In addressing this question we focus on the emergence of ICT- enabled forms of steering. Virtual organizations such as Ushahidi and FrontlineSMS enable the coordination of collective goods without the same level of hierarchical structure historically associated with traditional forms of governance. The focus lies on quasi-organizational forms that rely on mass collaborative action across electronic networks. The consideration of these questions is supported by fieldwork in Africa in 2011, and on previous research in Afghanistan and various African countries in 2010. The paper concludes with some tentative hypotheses on the interconnection between ICT, statehood and governance.Dieses Arbeitspapier analysiert die Effekte von Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien (ICT) in RĂ€umen begrenzter Staatlichkeit (RbS) mit Bezug auf Governance. Es geht dabei v.a. der Frage nach, wie ICTs die Bereitstellung kollektiver GĂŒter insbesondere in den Politikfeldern Sicherheit, Wohlfahrt und Umwelt beeinflussen. Bei der Beantwortung dieser Frage konzentrieren wir uns auf die Entstehung neuer Steuerungsformen, die auf ICTs basieren. Virtuelle Organisationen wie Ushahidi oder FrontlineSMS beispielsweise ermöglichen die Erbringung kollektiver GĂŒter auch ohne staatlich-hierarchische Strukturen, die in einem traditionellen VerstĂ€ndnis hĂ€ufig als Voraussetzung von Governance betrachtet werden. Unser Fokus liegt somit auf Governance-Formen die auf kollektivem Handeln ĂŒber elektronische Netzwerke basieren. Die Diskussion dieser Fragen wird durch die Ergebnisse von Forschungsaufenthalten illustriert, die in den Jahren 2010 und 2011 in Afghanistan und verschiedenen afrikanischen Staaten stattgefunden haben. Das Paper endet mit einigen vorlĂ€ufigen Hypothesen zu der Verbindung von ICTs, Staatlichkeit und Governance

    A Macro-Quantitative Analysis of Governance Performance

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    “State-Building” wird vielerorts als Prinzip moderner Entwicklungspolitik angesehen. Dies beruht auf der Annahme, dass dem modernen Staat eine zentrale Rolle im Bereich der GewĂ€hrleistung von Governance-Dienstleistungen zukommt. Das VerhĂ€ltnis zwischen Staatlichkeit und so verstandener „Governance“ ist jedoch alles andere als klar. Auf Basis eines makro-quantitativen Ansatzes, analysieren wir die Performanz von Staaten in Bereichen wie Sicherheit, Gesundheit, Bildung, ökonomische Subsistenz, Infrastruktur und Umwelt und fragen, inwieweit Staatlichkeit die entsprechenden Unterschiede erklĂ€ren kann, wenn fĂŒr diverse andere Faktoren kontrolliert wird, die in den entsprechenden Debatten (v.a. in der Politikwissenschaft und (Entwicklungs-) Ökonomie) als zentral angesehen werden. Drei Ergebnisse der Untersuchung stechen hervor: Erstens – und entgegen der obigen Annahme – lĂ€sst sich keine signifikante, konsistente Beziehung zwischen Staatlichkeit und objektiver Governance- Performanz herstellen. Zweitens schneiden die entsprechenden Indikatoren besser ab, wenn es um den Zusammenhang zur subjektiven Wahrnehmung von Governance- Performanz geht, was die UbiquitĂ€t der o.g. Annahme bestĂ€tigt. Drittens schließlich stellt sich der Grad des „Empowerment“ von Frauen ĂŒber ganz verschiedene Sachbereiche hinweg als stĂ€rkster PrĂ€diktor der Governance- Performanz heraus. Dieses Ergebnis rechtfertigt den Schwerpunkt, den viele Akteure der Entwicklungspolitik derzeit auf die Förderung von Frauen legen.State building is seen as the central tenet of many present-day development efforts. This rests on a global normative script that emphasizes the modern state’s role in providing governance services from security to education to health. However, the relationship between statehood and governance outcomes is not well understood. We use a macro-quantitative approach to analyze state performance in various governance dimensions including security, health, education, economic subsistence, infrastructure, and the environment. We test for the power of statehood in explaining the variation in governance outcomes while controlling for various other factors prominent in the respective debates in political science, economics, and development studies. The analysis yields three interesting results. First, statehood does not have a consistent significant relationship with governance outcomes. It matters more for some outcomes than for others. Second, we find that statehood sometimes performs better at predicting subjective (survey-based) evaluations than at predicting objective measures of governance outcomes (which confirms the ubiquity of the normative script). Finally, we find that the degree of domestic female empowerment performs consistently strong at explaining the variation in governance outcomes. This result is consistent with the policy community’s emphasis on women’s roles in development

    Democracy and representation beyond the nation state

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    If the EU were to apply for membership of the EU, it would not qualify because of the inadequate democratic content of its constitution. At the same time, a significant proportion of legislative activity in its member states is driven by decisions made in the opaque labyrinth of institutions in far-away Brussels. So, are the member states democratically governed? The picture is similar with respect to other international institutions in the OECD world. The WTO system of agreements, for instance, comprises almost 10,000 pages and is the result of marathon negotiations, lasting over a decade, involving over 150 states and thousands of experts. These agreements contain far-reaching implications for employees in crisis-prone industrial sectors, and in agriculture. To be sure, it was the democratically elected governments that participated in the negotiations. But did citizens really exercise recognisable influence over the decisions? The problem behind these questions is clear. Although security and social welfare, two central aims of governance, can be better achieved with international institutions than without them, the mere existence of international institutions is no guarantee of good governance. Moreover, international institutions now truly exercise power. The rise of dispute settlement bodies, majority decisions rules, improved monitoring schemes, the role of transnational groups in ‘enforcing’ rules via naming and shaming, and, of course, a body of ius cogens in international law has led to an undermining of the consensus principle of international politics (ZĂŒrn et al. 2007)
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