Entanglement, Mixedness, and Spin-Flip Symmetry in Multiple-Qubit Systems

A relationship between a recently introduced multipartite entanglement measure, state mixedness, and spin-flip symmetry is established for any finite number of qubits. It is also shown that, within those classes of states invariant under the spin-flip transformation, there is a complementarity relation between multipartite entanglement and mixedness. A number of example classes of multiple-qubit systems are studied in light of this relationship.Comment: To appear in Physical Review A; submitted 14 May 200

A multi-photon Stokes-parameter invariant for entangled states

We consider the Minkowskian norm of the n-photon Stokes tensor, a scalar invariant under the group realized by the transformations of stochastic local quantum operations and classical communications (SLOCC). This invariant is offered as a candidate entanglement measure for n-qubit states and discussed in relation to measures of quantum state entanglement for certain important classes of two-qubit and three-qubit systems. This invariant can be directly estimated via a quantum network, obviating the need to perform laborious quantum state tomography. We also show that this invariant directly captures the extent of entanglement purification due to SLOCC filters.Comment: 9 pages, 0 figures, Accepted for publication in Physical Review

Quasars and their host galaxies

This review attempts to describe developments in the fields of quasar and quasar host galaxies in the past five. In this time period, the Sloan and 2dF quasar surveys have added several tens of thousands of quasars, with Sloan quasars being found to z>6. Obscured, or partially obscured quasars have begun to be found in significant numbers. Black hole mass estimates for quasars, and our confidence in them, have improved significantly, allowing a start on relating quasar properties such as radio jet power to fundamental parameters of the quasar such as black hole mass and accretion rate. Quasar host galaxy studies have allowed us to find and characterize the host galaxies of quasars to z>2. Despite these developments, many questions remain unresolved, in particular the origin of the close relationship between black hole mass and galaxy bulge mass/velocity dispersion seen in local galaxies.Comment: Review article, to appear in Astrophysics Update

Intoxicação experimental por monofluoroacetato de sódio em bovinos: aspectos clínicos e patológicos

Monofluoracetato de sódio (MF) foi identificado, por cromatografia, em três das doze plantas que causam morte súbita em bovinos no Brasil, incluindo Palicourea marcgravii, a mais importante desse grupo. Uma lesão considerada típica por alguns autores para intoxicação foi¹ a degeneração hidrópico-vacuolar dos túbulos uriníferos contorcidos distais (DHV). O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar se a ingestão de MF induz sinais clínicos e lesões similares às observadas nos bovinos intoxicados pelas plantas que causam morte súbita. Seis vacas receberam, por via oral, 0,5 e 1,0mg/kg de MF diluídos em 50mL de água destilada. Clinicamente, os animais apresentaram taquicardia, jugular repleta com pulso venoso positivo, respiração abdominal, ligeira perda de equilíbrio, por vezes cambaleavam, deitavam e apoiavam a cabeça no flanco. Na fase final (agônica), todos os animais caíam em decúbito lateral, esticavam os membros, faziam movimentos de pedalagem, apresentavam opistótono, nistagmo, mugidos e a morte ocorria em 2-14 minutos. À necropsia verificaram-se aurículas, jugulares, ázigos e pulmonares moderadamente ingurgitadas. Observaram-se ainda leve a moderado edema da subserosa nos locais de fixação da vesícula biliar no fígado, além de leve edema entre o duodeno e o pâncreas. O exame histopatológico revelou, em todos os animais, desde leve a acentuada DHV das células epiteliais dos túbulos uriníferos contorcidos distais associada à cariopicnose. Com relação à ultraestrutura, observou-se vacuolização do citoplasma devido ao acúmulo de água. Vacuolização e necrose de coagulação individual ou de grupos de hepatócitos e leve congestão hepática secundários à estase venosa também foram observados. DHV tem sido observada em casos de envenenamento por outras substâncias, porém nestes não está restrita aos túbulos distais e não se observa cariopicnose. Este estudo demonstra que a DHV dos túbulos renais de bovinos pode ser causada pelo envenenamento por MF e, por analogia, essa substância deve ser considerada como um dos fatores importantes, senão o mais significativo, implicado na morte dos animais que ingerem plantas que causam morte súbita no Brasil. Isso indica que estudos, que envolvam metabolização de MF por bactérias ruminais, teriam grande aplicabilidade econômica, uma vez que pelo menos 500.000 bovinos morrem anualmente intoxicados por plantas do grupo das que causam morte súbita no Brasil.Sodium monofluoroacetate (MF) was identified, by cromatography, in three of the 12 plants that cause sudden death in cattle in Brazil, including Palicourea marcgravii, the most important plant of this group. A special kind of hydropic-vacuolar degeneration (HVD) of the distal convoluted uriniferous tubules was considered typical for the poisoning by some authors. The objective of this study was to verify if the ingestion of MF causes similar clinical signs and lesion in cattle poisoned by plants that cause sudden death. Six cows received orally 0.5 and 1.0mg/kg of M diluted in 50mL of distilled water. Clinically the animals presented tachycardia, engorgement and positive pulse of the jugular vein, abdominal breathing, swaying gait, subtle unbalance, and recumbency with head placed the on the flank. In the agonal phase all the animals in lateral recumbence presented muscular fasciculation, tonic contraction, peddling movements, opisthotonus, nystagmus, and died between 2 and 14 minutes. At postmortem examination, the heart auricles, jugular and pulmonary veins were moderately distended and engorged with blood. Slight to moderate edema of the subserosa was seen around the gall bladder and the duodenum near to the pancreas. At light microscopy, HVD associated with nuclear picnosis of the epithelial cells of the distal convoluted uriniferous tubules was present in all animals. Ultrastructurally, the cell lesion represents formation of cytosolic vacuoles, likely due to accumulation of water. Coagulation necrosis of individual or groups of hepatocytes and slight hepatic congestion secondary to the venous stasis were also observed. Hydropic-vacuolar degeneration has been observed in cases of poisoning by many substances, which cause acute tubular nephrosis, however not restricted to the distal renal tubules and without nuclear picnosis. This study demonstrates that the HVD in the kidney can be caused by MF and, in analogy, the compound should be considered responsible for the death of cattle that ingest toxic plants which cause sudden death in Brazil. Our results can be supportive to studies that will focus on the degradation of MF by rumen bacteria, what might have economic implications, as at least 500.000 cattle die annually by sudden death causing toxic plants in Brazil

Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol

High blood cholesterol is typically considered a feature of wealthy western countries1,2. However, dietary and behavioural determinants of blood cholesterol are changing rapidly throughout the world3 and countries are using lipid-lowering medications at varying rates. These changes can have distinct effects on the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, which have different effects on human health4,5. However, the trends of HDL and non-HDL cholesterol levels over time have not been previously reported in a global analysis. Here we pooled 1,127 population-based studies that measured blood lipids in 102.6 million individuals aged 18 years and older to estimate trends from 1980 to 2018 in mean total, non-HDL and HDL cholesterol levels for 200 countries. Globally, there was little change in total or non-HDL cholesterol from 1980 to 2018. This was a net effect of increases in low- and middle-income countries, especially in east and southeast Asia, and decreases in high-income western countries, especially those in northwestern Europe, and in central and eastern Europe. As a result, countries with the highest level of non-HDL cholesterol—which is a marker of cardiovascular risk—changed from those in western Europe such as Belgium, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Malta in 1980 to those in Asia and the Pacific, such as Tokelau, Malaysia, The Philippines and Thailand. In 2017, high non-HDL cholesterol was responsible for an estimated 3.9 million (95% credible interval 3.7 million–4.2 million) worldwide deaths, half of which occurred in east, southeast and south Asia. The global repositioning of lipid-related risk, with non-optimal cholesterol shifting from a distinct feature of high-income countries in northwestern Europe, north America and Australasia to one that affects countries in east and southeast Asia and Oceania should motivate the use of population-based policies and personal interventions to improve nutrition and enhance access to treatment throughout the world.</p

Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol

High blood cholesterol is typically considered a feature of wealthy western countries1,2. However, dietary and behavioural determinants of blood cholesterol are changing rapidly throughout the world3 and countries are using lipid-lowering medications at varying rates. These changes can have distinct effects on the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, which have different effects on human health4,5. However, the trends of HDL and non-HDL cholesterol levels over time have not been previously reported in a global analysis. Here we pooled 1,127 population-based studies that measured blood lipids in 102.6 million individuals aged 18 years and older to estimate trends from 1980 to 2018 in mean total, non-HDL and HDL cholesterol levels for 200 countries. Globally, there was little change in total or non-HDL cholesterol from 1980 to 2018. This was a net effect of increases in low- and middle-income countries, especially in east and southeast Asia, and decreases in high-income western countries, especially those in northwestern Europe, and in central and eastern Europe. As a result, countries with the highest level of non-HDL cholesterol�which is a marker of cardiovascular risk�changed from those in western Europe such as Belgium, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Malta in 1980 to those in Asia and the Pacific, such as Tokelau, Malaysia, The Philippines and Thailand. In 2017, high non-HDL cholesterol was responsible for an estimated 3.9 million (95 credible interval 3.7 million�4.2 million) worldwide deaths, half of which occurred in east, southeast and south Asia. The global repositioning of lipid-related risk, with non-optimal cholesterol shifting from a distinct feature of high-income countries in northwestern Europe, north America and Australasia to one that affects countries in east and southeast Asia and Oceania should motivate the use of population-based policies and personal interventions to improve nutrition and enhance access to treatment throughout the world. © 2020, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited

Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults

Body-mass index (BMI) has increased steadily in most countries in parallel with a rise in the proportion of the population who live in cities 1,2 . This has led to a widely reported view that urbanization is one of the most important drivers of the global rise in obesity 3�6 . Here we use 2,009 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in more than 112 million adults, to report national, regional and global trends in mean BMI segregated by place of residence (a rural or urban area) from 1985 to 2017. We show that, contrary to the dominant paradigm, more than 55 of the global rise in mean BMI from 1985 to 2017�and more than 80 in some low- and middle-income regions�was due to increases in BMI in rural areas. This large contribution stems from the fact that, with the exception of women in sub-Saharan Africa, BMI is increasing at the same rate or faster in rural areas than in cities in low- and middle-income regions. These trends have in turn resulted in a closing�and in some countries reversal�of the gap in BMI between urban and rural areas in low- and middle-income countries, especially for women. In high-income and industrialized countries, we noted a persistently higher rural BMI, especially for women. There is an urgent need for an integrated approach to rural nutrition that enhances financial and physical access to healthy foods, to avoid replacing the rural undernutrition disadvantage in poor countries with a more general malnutrition disadvantage that entails excessive consumption of low-quality calories. © 2019, The Author(s)