Results of statistical modeling.

<p>Model-averaged (over the set of 4096 candidate regression models) standardized regression coefficients for variables explaining wet season migratory movements in African buffalo. Variable abbreviations: frac_mean = Proportion of home range in woodlands; rain.mm.day = Average rainfall on dry season home range (mm); Dist.barrier.avg = Distance to nearest linear barrier (river, fence, or cultivated area), metres; EVIsq = Square of EVI variable; age = Animal's age at capture (years); fires = Binary variable indicating presence of fires on dry season home range; log(ss) = Number of wet season GPS observations (log-transformed); herd = Size of animal's herd at capture; rain∶fire int = Interaction variable of rainfall and fire presence; EVI.wtd.sd = Standard deviation of EVI variable; EVI = Average EVI value on dry season home range; frac_sd = Standard deviation of frac_mean variable.</p

The study area and buffalo GPS locations.

<p>The study area was the Caprivi Strip of Namibia, with GPS locations of <i>n</i> = 31 collared animals (different colours indicate different individuals). In addition, green indicates protected areas, pink areas are communal conservancies, and brown lines indicate major roads. Capture sites are (A) Mahango National Park/Buffalo Core Conservation Area; (B) Susuwe; (C) Horseshoe; (D) Mudumu National Park; (E) Mamili National Park; (F) Eastern Floodplains.</p

Descriptive statistics from <i>n</i> = 32 GPS chronosequences from African buffalo in the Caprivi Strip of Namibia.

<p>Descriptive statistics from <i>n</i> = 32 GPS chronosequences from African buffalo in the Caprivi Strip of Namibia.</p

Inference of migratory behaviour from net-squared displacement.

<p>(a) Schematic of an animal moving alongside a permanent river (heavy line) during the dry season, and then migrating to a wet season range; and (b) the resulting plots of distance to river vs observation time and net-squared displacement (NSD) vs. observation time (A – onset of migration inferred from NSD; B – onset of migration inferred from distance to river; C – distance migrated inferred from distance to river; D – distance migrated inferred from NSD).</p

Differences in movement metrics among migratory behaviour classes for African buffalo in the Caprivi Strip of Namibia. Differences in superscripts indicate statistically significant differences (Tukey's post-hoc HSD test).

<p>Differences in movement metrics among migratory behaviour classes for African buffalo in the Caprivi Strip of Namibia. Differences in superscripts indicate statistically significant differences (Tukey's post-hoc HSD test).</p

Examples of seasonal movement types displayed by adult buffalo in the Caprivi region of Namibia.

<p>(a) migrant; (b) non-migrant; (c) expander; (d) disperser.</p

AnalysisClip

GIS layer: polygon to clip analyses to extent used in pape

AllMainRivers

GIS data: all large rivers in and around Caprivi Strip; these data were used when generating resistance layers describing distance from river

Buff118_10classes_SPAGEDI

SpaGeDi file, 10 microsatellite loci, all buffalo except for those in the translocated population of Mudumu, set for 10 distance classes. To change number of distance classes, change "-10" in row two to another value (e.g., "-20" for 20 distance classes

Microsatellite data for 134 African buffalo, Genepop Format

134 African buffalo genetic samples collected 2006-2009 in the Caprivi Strip, Namibia, genotyped at 10 microsatellite loci, presented in Genepop format for the 6 herds (populations) in the stud