Latent image diffraction from submicron photoresist gratings

Light scattering from latent images in photoresist is useful for lithographic tool characterization, process monitoring, and process control. In particular, closed‐loop control of lithographic processes is critical for high yield, low cost device manufacturing. In this work, we report use of pulsed laser diffraction from photoresist latent images in 0.24 μm pitch distributed feedback laser gratings. Gated detection of pulsed light scattering permits high spatial resolution probing using ultraviolet light without altering the latent image. A correlation between latent image and etched grating diffraction efficiencies is demonstrated and shows the value of "upstream" monitoring

Dense circum-nuclear molecular gas in starburst galaxies

We present results from a study of the dense circum-nuclear molecular gas of starburst galaxies. The study aims to investigate the interplay between starbursts, active galactic nuclei and molecular gas. We characterise the dense gas traced by HCN, HCO$^{+}$ and HNC and examine its kinematics in the circum-nuclear regions of nine starburst galaxies observed with the Australia Telescope Compact Array. We detect HCN (1$-$0) and HCO$^{+}$ (1$-$0) in seven of the nine galaxies and HNC (1$-$0) in four. Approximately 7 arcsec resolution maps of the circum-nuclear molecular gas are presented. The velocity integrated intensity ratios, HCO$^{+}$ (1$-$0)/HCN (1$-$0) and HNC (1$-$0)/HCN (1$-$0), are calculated. Using these integrated intensity ratios and spatial intensity ratio maps we identify photon dominated regions (PDRs) in NGC 1097, NGC 1365 and NGC 1808. We find no galaxy which shows the PDR signature in only one part of the observed nuclear region. We also observe unusually strong HNC emission in NGC 5236, but it is not strong enough to be consistent with X-ray dominated region (XDR) chemistry. Rotation curves are derived for five of the galaxies and dynamical mass estimates of the inner regions of three of the galaxies are made.Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS, 22 December 2015. Main manuscript is 13 pages, containing 3 figures. Also has 4 appendices of 13 pages total containing numerous figures and details of calculation

Molecular epidemiology of multidrug resistant extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing Klebsiella pneumoniae at a Jamaican hospital, 2000 - 2004

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The accurate identification of a pathogen beyond the species level is critical in epidemiological studies and investigations of nosocomial outbreaks of infection. The clonal relatedness of 66 multidrug resistant (MDR) strains of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing <it>K. pneumoniae </it>isolated from clinical specimens from hospitalized patients at a Jamaican hospital during a 5 year period were determined by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A total 10 different ESBL producing <it>K. pneumoniae </it>genotypes designated Clones I-X were found. The most frequently occurring strains belonged to Clones I (21/66, 32%), II (15/66, 26%), III (13/66, 20%) and IV (8/66, 12%) which accounted for 86% (57/66) of ESBL producing <it>K. pneumoniae </it>strains over the 5 year period. The remaining 9 (14%) cases of ESBL producing <it>K. pneumoniae </it>were due to strains of Clones V-X. The 4 predominant clones persisted for several years in the hospital.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The clonal and temporal distribution of the MDR ESBL producing <it>K. pneumoniae </it>strains among clinical service areas did not suggest outbreaks of the organism during the period of study. Instead the molecular epidemiology of ESBL producing <it>K. pneumoniae </it>at this hospital was more representative of an endemic persistence of clones of the organism with limited dissemination from patient to patient. Further studies to investigate the factors which determine the emergence and persistence of MDR ESBL producing <it>K. pneumoniae </it>in Jamaican hospitals and their impact on clinical and economic outcomes at such institutions would be useful.</p

Effects of seasonal variation in prey abundance on field metabolism, water flux, and activity of a tropical ambush foraging snake

The responses of animals to seasonal food shortages can have important consequences for population dynamics and the structure and function of food webs. We investigated how an ambush foraging snake, the northern death adder Acanthophis praelongus, responds to seasonal fluctuations in prey availability in its tropical environment. In the dry season, field metabolic rates and water flux, as measured by doubly labeled water, were significantly lower than in the wet season. Unlike some other reptiles of the wet-dry tropics, death adders showed no seasonal difference in their resting metabolism. About 94% of the decrease in energy expended in the dry season was due to a decrease in activity and digestion, with lower body temperatures accounting for the remainder. In the dry season, death adders were less active and moved shorter distances between foraging sites than in the wet season. Analysis of energy expenditure suggested that adders fed no more than every 2-3 wk in the dry season but fed more frequently during the wet season. Unlike many lizards that cease feeding during the dry season, death adders remain active and attempt to maximize their energy intake year-round

D3-branes on the Coulomb branch and instantons

The relative coefficients of higher derivative interactions of the IIB effective action of the form C^4, (D F_5)^4, F_5^8, ... (where C is the Weyl tensor and F_5 is the five-form field strength) are motivated by supersymmetry arguments. It is shown that the classical supergravity solution for N parallel D3-branes is unaltered by this combination of terms. The non-vanishing of \zeroC^2 in this background (where \zero C is the background value of the Weyl tensor) leads to effective O(1/alpha') interactions, such as C^2 and Lambda^8 (where Lambda is the dilatino). These contain D-instanton contributions in addition to tree and one-loop terms. The near horizon limit of the N D3-brane system describes a multi-AdS_5xS^5 geometry that is dual to \calN=4 SU(N) Yang-Mills theory spontaneously broken to S(U(M_1)x...xU(M_r)). Here, the N D3-branes are grouped into r coincident bunches with M_r in each group, with M_r/N = m_r fixed as N goes to infinity. The boundary correlation function of eight Lambda's is constructed explicitly. The second part of the paper considers effects of a constrained instanton in this large-N Yang-Mills theory by an extension of the analysis of Dorey, Hollowood and Khoze of the one-instanton measure at finite N. This makes precise the correspondence with the supergravity D-instanton measure at leading order in the 1/N expansion. However, the duality between instanton-induced correlation functions in Yang-Mills theory and the dual supergravity is somewhat obscured by complications relating to the structure of constrained instantons.Comment: 30 pages, JHEP style. Typos corrected and minor clarifications adde

Analysis of Book Borrowing Patterns at Universitas Klabat Library Using the Apriori Algorithm

Data owned by an institution is one of the assets of the institution. The existence of daily operational activities will increasingly multiply the amount of transaction data. Universitas Klabat Library is one of the special academic libraries located on the campus of Universitas Klabat. Provide a variety of library materials such as books, literature, scientific magazines, general magazines, tales and other textbooks. In this research, the researcher utilized Apriori Algorithm to analyze the lending data of book in Klabat University Library based on the tendency of item set that appear together in a literature visit activity. Apriori algorithm is one of the algorithms in data mining that can be used in the Association Rule by using KDD (Knowledge Discovery in Data) method as a process to help find patterns or rules in a data. With the Apriori Algorithm, the result of the analysis proves that all the rules do not exist that meet the minimum support and confidence that have been determined and the results of the analysis also said that the books titled Troubleshooting Family and Sowing Seed Reap Results, Rules, Patterns and Words and Pictures for Language Learning, Education Dynamics Christian and Christian Religious Education, Indonesia Sues and Events Around Proclamation 17-8-1945, fit with Weight Training and Seniors Health with Nursing Care Approach, never borrowed equally by library visitors

Pure type I supergravity and DE(10)

We establish a dynamical equivalence between the bosonic part of pure type I supergravity in D=10 and a D=1 non-linear sigma-model on the Kac-Moody coset space DE(10)/K(DE(10)) if both theories are suitably truncated. To this end we make use of a decomposition of DE(10) under its regular SO(9,9) subgroup. Our analysis also deals partly with the fermionic fields of the supergravity theory and we define corresponding representations of the generalized spatial Lorentz group K(DE(10)).Comment: 28 page