3D-flexible intumescent fire protection mesh for building structures

The increased operational properties, main of which - ensuring fire resistance in the conditions of the hydrocarbon mode of the fire, resistance to low temperatures and lack of wet processes at installation are necessary for means of fire protection of structures of buildings and constructions of an oil and gas complex. The review of means of fire protection of new type - the constructive bent fire protection which advantage is the set of positive characteristics as constructive fire protection (a plate, a shell, etc. with dry process of installation), and coverings is submitted (plasters, epoxy structures, etc. with wet process of installation). Domestic experts (LTD Promizol, Moscow) developed the constructive bent fire protection for increase in building constructions of buildings and constructions of an oil and gas complex keeping operational properties in the conditions of the Arctic climate. Means of fire protection represents a grid with 3D - the reinforced structure. The closest analogy are products of the Hapuflam GmbH and FLAMRO companies, but at the moment there are no data on a possibility of use in the conditions of the Arctic region for protection of bearing structures and cable systems

Method single burning item (SBI) for fire hazard of wood constructions

This research covers fire risk classification for construction materials in the countries of the European Union and a full methodological approach to the assessment of the fire hazard, providing requirements, characteristics, and test methods depending on the field of their usage and functional purpose. Application of fireproof coating and constructive fireproofing are considered to be one of the most widespread ways to increase fire safetyof wood constructions. The need to improve approaches tothe development and application of fireproofing ofwood materials, methodological assessment of their efficiency providing fire safety are also specified. The evaluation of the fire behavior of the fireproofed wood samples has been carried out. Two methods were used to get the results: Russian National StandardR 53292-2009 “Fireproof compositions and substances for the wood and materialsbased on it. General requirements. Test methods” and EN 13823:2003 (SBI) method.The purpose of test using a single source of flame (SBI) also involves an application of the larger selection model than the standard test methods in order to get the results, which are much closer to the full-scale reference phase of the fire propagation.Several conclusions have been made:whether it is possible to introduce European standards for the assessment of the construction materials fire risk to the national practice and incorporation of the requirements stipulated in the similar European regulations to the Russian standards

Combined method of calculation of the residual life of building structures

This article presents some methods for calculating the residual life of building structures. Areas of application for each of them are highlighted. A new method for calculating the residual life of building structures is proposed, which is proposed to be called a combined procedure for calculating the residual life of building structures. This method outlines a methodical approach that involves the joint use of all the techniques listed in this article. This will remove the limitations that each of these techniques had individually, which makes the combined methodology a universal technique for calculating the residual life of building structures. Combined methodology with its further improvement allows the use in some cases of special methods for calculating the remaining resource

Dependence of the human flow density from the staircase and exit width

The article studies the dependence of the human flow density on two main parameters: the width of the staircase and the number of people on the floor. It was established that violation of standards in terms of the entrance door width and the presence of a stair hall have a strong influence on the total time of evacuation due to the formation of clusters. The tabular dependence of the maximum human flow density on the staircase width on the number of people per floor was obtained. On the basis of this dependence, the graph was built, which can be used in the stair width design, taking into account the allowable human flows density in the case of known average number of people on each floor of the building

Study of isotropy of mechanical properties of the TPMS-based cellular structures

The study of isotropy of mechanical properties of cellular structures was carried out. The studied objects are based on triply periodic minimal surfaces (“Schwarz primitive”) with various cell size parameter t. The mechanical loading was applied with different loading directions. It was shown, that triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS)-based materials have high isotropy of mechanical properties

Fire Protection of Steel Structures with Epoxy Coatings under Cryogenic Exposure

Cases of fire with highly flammable, combustible liquids and combustible gases with high potential heat emission at oil and gas facilities are assumed to develop as a hydrocarbon fire, which is characterized by the temperature rising rapidly up to 1093 ± 56 °C within five minutes from the test start and staying within the same range throughout the test, as well as by overpressure being generated. Although various fireproof coating systems are commonly used to protect steel structures from high temperatures, a combination of fire protection and cryogenic spillage protection, i.e., protection from liquefied natural gas (LNG), is rather an international practice novelty regulated by standards ISO 20088. Thanks to their outstanding features, i.e., ability to sustain chemical and climatic impact, these epoxy-based materials are able to ensure positive fireproof performance for steel structures in the case of potential cryogenic impact. The article discusses tests on steel structures coated with epoxy fireproof compounds, specifically PREGRAD-EP, OGRAX-SKE and Chartek 2218. The test records show the time from the start of cryogenic exposure to the said sample reaching the limit state, as well as the time from the start of heat impact to the sample reaching the limit state in case of hydrocarbon fire temperature

Fire Protective Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete Plates for Steel Structures under Different Types of Fire Exposure

In a situation where a fire occurs either in a tunnel with a burning vehicle carrying petroleum products, at an offshore platform, or at an oil and gas asset to be protected, such a case is commonly described using a hydrocarbon fire curve. Therefore, it is extremely important to design construction, which can maintain stability and bearing capacity both under the standard and hydrocarbon fire modes. The purpose in this work is to hold a behavior simulation of a steel structure with fireproofing ensured through lightweight concrete slabs reinforced with fiber glass as well as a validation of the outcomes by assessing the experimental findings obtained from the relevant fire tests. A fire resistance study was carried out here for steel structures with a profile ratio of 156 mm−1 for the cases of a standard fire and of a hydrocarbon fire. A constant static load of 687 kN (70 tf) was taken for standard fire and 294 kN (30 tf) for hydrocarbon fire; the column was under vertical compression with one end resting on a hinged support and the other end rigidly fixed. The specimen design incorporated single-layer box-section cladding made of Pyro-Safe Aestuver T slabs, 40 mm thick and of a 650 kg/m3 density, pre-cut to fit the column size. The column strength loss (R) ultimately occurred after 240 min in the standard fire case and after 180 min in the hydrocarbon fire case. As the breach in the fireproofing structural integrity (E) or the installation accuracy cannot be considered, the limit state indicators may show certain discrepancies. According to the simulation performed using SOFiSTiK software, the design fire resistance rating of the structure in a hydrocarbon fire case was 58% higher than the figure obtained by holding fire tests due to the slabs cracking during the experiment session; the discrepancy between the outcomes of the session and the simulation in a standard fire case was as much as 15%

Numerical and Experimental Analysis of Fire Resistance for Steel Structures of Ships and Offshore Platforms

The requirements for the fire resistance of steel structures of oil and gas facilities for transportation and production of hydrocarbons are considered (structures of tankers and offshore platforms). It is found that the requirements for the values of fire resistance of structures under hydrocarbon rather than standard fire conditions are given only for offshore stationary platforms. Experimental studies on the loss of integrity (E) and thermal insulating capacity (I) of steel bulkheads and deck with mineral wool under standard and hydrocarbon fire regimes are presented. Simulation of structure heating was performed, which showed a good correlation with the experimental results (convective heat transfer coefficients for bulkheads of class H: 50 W/m2·K; for bulkheads of class A: 25 W/m2·K). The consumption of mineral slabs and endothermic mat for the H-0 bulkhead is predicted. It is calculated that under a standard fire regime, mineral wool with a density of 80–100 kg/m2 and a thickness of 40 to 85 mm should be used; under a hydrocarbon fire regime, mineral wool with a density above 100 kg/m2 and a thickness of 60–150 mm is required. It is shown that to protect the structures of decks and bulkheads in a hydrocarbon fire regime, it is necessary to use 30–40% more thermal insulation and apply the highest density of fire-retardant material compared to the standard fire regime. Parameters of thermal conductivity and heat capacity of the applied flame retardant in the temperature range from 0 to 1000 °C were clarified

Increase of fire resistance of reinforced concrete structures with polypropylene microfiber

The increase in the construction of high-rise, technically complex buildings and structures is a prerequisite for the widespread use of structures of heavy concrete. In this work, a special type of destruction of this type of concrete is considered in the fire action explosive spalling. One method of protection is polypropylene microfiber, the objective of which is to increase the fire resistance of concrete and reinforced concrete structures. The fire resistance tests of the reinforced concrete structure with the use of microfiber and without it have been carried out. It is shown that polypropylene microfiber can completely prevent explosive spelling of concrete. In addition, the introduction of additives in the form of fibrous materials into the concrete mix is the most optimal from the point of view of labor intensity and material costs

The fire resistant ceiling construction in a hydrocarbon fire

Fire protection of building structures under the hydrocarbon fire is becoming more relevant, especially in the design and construction of oil and gas and chemical complex facilities, including offshore fixed platforms, liquefied natural gas production and storage facilities and other objects of the fuel and energy complex. The development dynamics of such a fire requires a different approach to testing the structures in order to determine the fire resistance limit. The fire resistance tests of a steel horizontal structure with a fire resistance suspended ceiling of PROMATECT-T plates were carried out under the condition of creating a hydrocarbon temperature combustion regime. A detailed description of the tested ceiling design is given. It is shown that at the time of the end of the fire action, the limit state due to the loss of load capacity (R) and loss of integrity (E) was not recorded when the test reached 120 minutes