Analysis of Iwoniczanka bottled spring water chemical stability

Rola jaką pełni woda w życiu człowieka jest nieoceniona. Poza tym, że jest głównym składnikiem ilościowym pożywienia jest także czynnikiem niezbędnym do prawidłowego funkcjonowania. W celu zapewnienia prawidłowych procesów fizjologicznych ważne jest systematyczne dostarczanie płynów do organizmu na poziomie co najmniej 1,5 - 2 l dziennie. Ważne jest także, aby spożywana woda charakteryzowała się pierwotną czystością mikrobiologiczną i stabilnością składu chemicznego, a ponadto była cennym źródłem składników mineralnych, które są wartościowym uzupełnieniem codziennej diety. W artykule przedstawiono charakterystykę butelkowanej wody źródlanej Iwoniczanka. Celem charakterystyki było określenie jakości i stabilności chemicznej badanej wody, a także klasyfikacja jej użyteczności pod kątem zawartości minerałów z uwzględnieniem ich dziennego zapotrzebowania dla osoby dorosłej. Analizie poddano 41 wskaźników jakościowych wody. Badania zostały wykonane wg metodyki zawartej w normach PN-EN ISO 17294:2006, PN-79/C-04588.02, PN-EN ISO 9297:1994, PN-C-04576.04/XII 1994, PN-82/C- 04576.08, PN-EN 26777. Wyniki przeprowadzonych analiz wykazały, że butelkowana woda Iwoniczanka jest średniozmineralizowaną wodą źródlaną o charakterze wodorowęglanowo-wapniowo-magnezowym, wyróżniającą się pierwotną czystością mikrobiologiczną i stabilnością składu chemicznego, a także jest w pełni użyteczna pod kątem dziennego zapotrzebowania na minerały.Water is one of very few vital needs for human beings. It is a transparent and nearly colorless chemical substance that is the main constituent of food. Moreover it is essential for organism to function properly. A healthy sedentary adult should drink at least 1.5 -2 liters of water per day. This level of water intake balances water loss and helps keeping the body properly hydrated. Natural drinking water is defined as water that is characterized by its content of certain mineral salts and their relative proportions and guarantees constancy of its composition and the stability under conditions which guarantee the original microbiological purity and chemical composition. This article presents characteristic of Iwoniczanka bottled spring water. The objective of this study was to determine chemical stability and purity of tested water, as well as, classification based on the daily minerals requirement in human nutrition. 41 of water quality indicators were analyzed. These research were conducted using methodology included in PN-EN ISO 17294: 2006, PN-79/C-04588.02, PN-EN ISO 9297: 1994, PN-C04576.04 / XII 1994, PN-82 / C-04576.08. -EN 26777 standards. The results showed that Iwoniczanka is a medium mineralized spring water rich in bicarbonate, calcium and magnesium ions. The quality and stability of minerals, their relative proportions, lack of toxic compounds, chemical and microbiological purity make Iwoniczanka one of the best spring waters for drinking available on the consumer goods market in Poland

DELLA-Interacting SWI3C Core Subunit of Switch/Sucrose Nonfermenting Chromatin Remodeling Complex Modulates Gibberellin Responses and Hormonal Cross Talk in Arabidopsis

Switch (SWI)/Sucrose Nonfermenting (SNF)-type chromatin-remodeling complexes (CRCs) are involved in regulation of transcription, DNA replication and repair, and cell cycle. Mutations of conserved subunits of plant CRCs severely impair growth and development; however, the underlying causes of these phenotypes are largely unknown. Here, we show that inactivation of SWI3C, the core component of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) SWI/SNF CRCs, interferes with normal functioning of several plant hormone pathways and alters transcriptional regulation of key genes of gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis. The resulting reduction of GA(4) causes severe inhibition of hypocotyl and root elongation, which can be rescued by exogenous GA treatment. In addition, the swi3c mutation inhibits DELLA-dependent transcriptional activation of GIBBERELLIN-INSENSITIVE DWARF1 (GID1) GA receptor genes. Down-regulation of GID1a in parallel with the DELLA repressor gene REPRESSOR OF GA1-3 1 in swi3c indicates that lack of SWI3C also leads to defects in GA signaling. Together with the recent demonstration of function of SWI/SNF ATPase BRAHMA in the GA pathway, these results reveal a critical role of SWI/SNF CRC in the regulation of GA biosynthesis and signaling. Moreover, we demonstrate that SWI3C is capable of in vitro binding to, and shows in vivo bimolecular fluorescence complementation interaction in cell nuclei with, the DELLA proteins RGA-LIKE2 and RGA-LIKE3, which affect transcriptional activation of GID1 and GA3ox (GIBBERELLIN 3-OXIDASE) genes controlling GA perception and biosynthesis, respectively. Furthermore, we show that SWI3C also interacts with the O-GlcNAc (O-linked N-acetylglucosamine) transferase SPINDLY required for proper functioning of DELLAs and acts hypostatically to (SPINDLY) in the GA response pathway. These findings suggest that DELLA-mediated effects in GA signaling as well as their role as a hub in hormonal cross talk may be, at least in part, dependent on their direct physical interaction with complexes responsible for modulation of chromatin structure

A theory of European accounting development applied to accounting change in contemporary Poland

The paper presents a theory for understanding the diversity of European accounting in market economies by reference to socio-economic factors within an historical context. The theory is developed with reference to two ideal types, based upon the experiences of Britain and Germany. The theory is then used to illuminate the process of accounting transformation in the transitional Polish economy. As a result of the application of the theory in this national context, the paper concludes that accounting policy makers in Central and Eastern Europe will be constrained in their choices of appropriate accounting principles, policies and institutions from the diversity of models available in the market economies of Western Europe. The inference from this conclusion is that the frequently expressed fears concerning the adoption of inappropriate accounting models by emerging market economies may have been exaggerated.