MRT der Prostata

In der hier vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Wertigkeit der MRT bei 1,5 Tesla unter Verwendung einer Kombination aus Endorektalspule und Phased-Array-Oberflächenspule in der Bildgebung des Prostatakarzinoms (PCA) untersucht. Es werden zwei unterschiedliche Fragestellungen bearbeitet: Einerseits wird die sextantenbasierte Lokalisationsdiagnostik des Prostatakarzinoms beleuchtet (Kapitel VI), andererseits die MRT-basierte PSA-Dichtemessung für das präoperative Grading des Prostatakarzinoms (Kapitel VII). In der Lokalisationsdiagnostik des Prostatakarzinoms erlaubt das neu entwickelte Sextantenmodell eine exakte Zuordnung jedes Tumorherdes zur linken oder rechten Basis, Mitteldrüse und Apex der Prostata und damit eine genaue Korrelation mit dem histopathologischen Befund. Um diese Korrelation möglichst fehlerfrei durchzuführen, wurden die Prostatektomiepräparate aller 106 in diese Studie eingeschlossenen Patienten in Form von analog zu den MRT-Bildern durchgeführten Großflächenschnitten aufgearbeitet, die digitalisiert und auf einem Monitor neben dem MRT-Bild angezeigt wurden. Um eine objektive Aussage über die Genauigkeit der MRT zu erhalten, wurden die Untersuchungen der eingeschlossenen Patienten von drei verschiedenen erfahrenen Radiologen unabhängig voneinander befundet und die Befunde in einem standardisierten Auswertebogen festgehalten. Zur Berechnung von „Receiver Operator Characteristics“ (ROC)-Kurven erfolgte die Beurteilung des Vorliegens von Prostatakarzinom-typischen Veränderungen und extrakapsulärer Ausdehnung für jeden einzelnen Sextanten auf einer Fünf-Punkt-Skala. Durch Dichotomisierung dieser Werte und Auftragen der Ergebnisse in Vierfeldertafeln wurden Sensitivitäten, Spezifitäten, Treffsicherheiten („Accuracies“) sowie positive und negative prädiktive Werte berechnet. Der Grad der Übereinstimmung zwischen den einzelnen Befundern wurde mit Hilfe der Kappa-Statistik analysiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen eine Staginggenauigkeit der MRT mit Endorektalspule von 83-92% bei Sensitivitäten für die Detektion eines Tumorbefalls einzelner Sextanten von 71-82% und einer Sensitivität für die Detektion eines kapselüberschreitenden Tumorwachstums (ECE) von 71-81%. Die jeweiligen Spezifitäten liegen zwischen 65-79% bzw. 80-89%. Die Flächen unter der ROC-Kurve (AUC, „area under the curve“) betragen 0,78-0,83 für PCA-Lokalisation und 0,79-0,81 für die Detektion einer extrakapsulären Ausdehnung. Für die PCA-Lokalisation betragen die Kappa-Werte 0,53-0,57, entsprechend einer moderaten Übereinstimmung, für die Detektion einer ECE liegen die Werte auf einem gutem Niveau (κ=0,75-0,78). Insgesamt liegt die Staginggenauigkeit („Accuracy“) der drei Befunder mit 83-92% im oberen Bereich der in der Literatur veröffentlichten Ergebnisse. Die MRT-gestützte Bestimmung der PSA-Dichte basiert auf der Volumetrie der Prostata mittels MRT. Die Einzelschichten der Prostata wurden für die vorliegende Studie in der MRT planimetriert und daraus Organvolumina berechnet. Der Quotient aus Serum-PSA-Wert und Prostatavolumen ergibt die PSA-Dichte. Diese wurde für eine präoperative Vorhersage des Malignitätsgrades, ausgedrückt durch den Gleason-Score, verwendet. Es ist bekannt, daß bei Tumoren mit einem Gleason-Score von 7 und darüber ein signifikant höheres Rezidivrisiko vorliegt als bei Tumoren mit einem Gleason-Score von 6 und darunter. Daher wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit bei einem Unterkollektiv von 61 Patienten ein optimaler Cutoff-Wert für die PSAD bestimmt, um eine präoperative Zuordnung von Patienten zu Gruppen mit Gleason-Score 6 und darunter (G6-) bzw. 7 und darüber (G7+) zu ermöglichen. Bei dem berechneten Cutoff-Wert von 0,23 ng/ml/cm3 wurden 79% aller Patienten mittels PSAD korrekt zugeordnet (Odds ratio=13,7). Es zeigen sich signifikant unterschiedliche PSA-Dichtewerte zwischen den beiden Patientengruppen (0,19±0,18 ng/ml/cm3 gegenüber 0,53±0,43 ng/ml/cm3, p<0,0001). Allerdings erwies sich die MRT-basierte PSAD dem PSA-Wert alleine und der PSA-Dichte der Transitionalzone (PSAT) nur ebenbürtig und nicht überlegen. Die Berechnung des Prostatavolumens ermöglicht nur in Einzelfällen eine besseres präoperatives Grading als der PSA-Wert allein. Daher ist ein breiter Einsatz dieser Methode in der MRT des Prostatakarzinoms aufgrund des hohen Zeitaufwands nicht gerechtfertigt

Novel surgical technique for complete traumatic rupture of the pancreas: A case report

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Introduction</p> <p>Complete pancreatic rupture is a rare injury. The typical mechanism by which this occurs is overstretching of the pancreas across the vertebral column during blunt abdominal trauma. The management of this injury depends on the location and extent of the injury.</p> <p>Case presentation</p> <p>A 45-year-old Caucasian woman presented with blunt abdominal trauma after she fell onto the end of a handlebar during a bicycle accident. She arrived in the emergency room with stable vital signs and an isolated bruise just above the umbilicus. A computed tomography scan revealed a complete rupture of the pancreas, just ventral to her superior mesenteric vein, and an accompanying hematoma but no additional injuries. An emergency laparotomy was performed; the head of the pancreas was oversewn with interrupted sutures and this was followed by a two-layer pancreaticojejunostomy with the tail of the pancreas. The recovery after surgery was completely uneventful.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Isolated complete pancreatic rupture is a rare injury that can be managed with complete organ preservation. The combination of suturing the pancreatic head and two-layer pancreaticojejunostomy with the pancreatic tail is a feasible technique to manage this condition.</p

Optimized management of urolithiasis by coloured stent-stone contrast using dual-energy computed tomography (DECT)

Background We analysed in vitro the appearance of commonly used ureteral stents with dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) and we used these characteristics to optimize the differentiation between stents and adjacent stone. Methods We analysed in vitro a selection of 36 different stents from 7 manufacturers. They were placed in a self-build phantom model and measured using the SOMATOM® Force Dual Source CT-Scanner (Siemens, Forchheim, Germany). Each sample was scanned at various tube potentials of 80 and 150 peak kilovoltage (kVp), 90 and 150 kVp and 100 and 150 kVp. The syngo Post-Processing Suite software program (Siemens, Forchheim, Germany) was used for differentiation based on a 3–material decomposition algorithm (UA, calcium, urine) according to our standard stone protocol. Results Stents composed of polyurethane appeared blue and silicon-based stents were red on the image. The determined appearances were constant for various peak kilovoltage (kVp) values. The coloured stent-stone-contrast displayed on DECT improves monitoring, especially of small calculi adjacent to indwelling ureteral stents. Conclusion Both urinary calculi and ureteral stents can be accurately differentiated by a distinct appearance on DECT. For the management of urolithiasis patients can be monitored more easily and accurately using DECT if the stent shows a different colour than the adjacent stone

CT colonography: size reduction of submerged colorectal polyps due to electronic cleansing and CT-window settings.

OBJECTIVES: To assess whether electronic cleansing (EC) of tagged residue and different computed tomography (CT) windows influence the size of colorectal polyps in CT colonography (CTC). METHODS: A database of 894 colonoscopy-validated CTC datasets of a low-prevalence cohort was retrospectively reviewed to identify patients with polyps ≥6 mm that were entirely submerged in tagged residue. Ten radiologists independently measured the largest diameter of each polyp, two-dimensionally, before and after EC in colon, bone, and soft-tissue-windows, in randomised order. Differences in size and polyp count before and after EC were calculated for size categories ≥6 mm and ≥10 mm. Statistical testing involved 95% confidence interval, intraclass correlation and mixed-model ANOVA. RESULTS: Thirty-seven patients with 48 polyps were included. Mean polyp size before EC was 9.8 mm in colon, 9.9 mm in bone and 8.2 mm in soft-tissue windows. After EC, the mean polyp size decreased significantly to 9.4 mm in colon, 9.1 mm in bone and 7.1 mm in soft-tissue windows. Compared to unsubtracted colon windows, EC, performed in colon, bone and soft-tissue windows, led to a shift of 6 (12,5%), 10 (20.8%) and 25 (52.1%) polyps ≥6 mm into the next smaller size category, thus affecting patient risk stratification. CONCLUSIONS: EC and narrow CT windows significantly reduce the size of polyps submerged in tagged residue. Polyp measurements should be performed in unsubtracted colon windows. KEY POINTS: • EC significantly reduces the size of polyps submerged in tagged residue. • Abdominal CT-window settings significantly underestimate 2D sizes of submerged polyps. • Size reduction in EC is significantly greater in narrow than wide windows. • Underestimation of polyp size due to EC may lead to inadequate treatment. • Polyp measurements should be performed in unsubtracted images using a colon window

Current status on performance of CT colonography and clinical indications

CT colonography (CTC) is a robust and reliable imaging test of the colon. Accuracy for the detection of colorectal cancer (CRC) is as high as conventional colonoscopy (CC). Identification of polyp is size dependent, with large lesions (>= 10 mm) accurately detected and small lesions (6-9 mm) identified with moderate to good sensitivity. Recent studies show good sensitivity for the identification of nonpolypoid (flat) lesions as well. Current CTC indications include the evaluation of patients who had undergone a previous incomplete CC or those who are unfit for CC (elderly and frail individuals, patients with underlying severe clinical conditions, or with contraindication to sedation). CTC can also be efficiently used in the assessment of diverticular disease (excluding patients with acute diverticulitis, where the exam should be postponed), before laparoscopic surgery for CRC (to have an accurate localization of the lesion), in the evaluation of colonic involvement in the case of deep pelvic endometriosis (replacing barium enema). CTC is also a safe procedure in patients with colostomy. For CRC screening, CTC should be considered an opportunistic screening test (not available for population, or mass screening) to be offered to asymptomatic average-risk individuals, of both genders, starting at age 50. The use in individuals with positive family history should be discussed with the patient first. Absolute contraindication is to propose CTC for surveillance of genetic syndromes and chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (in particular, ulcerative colitis). The use of CTC in the follow-up after surgery for CRC is achieving interesting evidences despite the fact that literature data are still relatively weak in terms of numerosity of the studied populations. In patients who underwent previous polypectomy CTC cannot be recommended as first test because debate is still open. It is desirable that in the future CTC would be the first-line and only diagnostic test for colonic diseases, leaving to CC only a therapeutic role. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved

Risk factors for advanced neoplasia within subcentimetric polyps: implications for diagnostic imaging

Objective: Diagnostic imaging by CT colonography and capsule endoscopy is used to detect colonic lesions. Controversy exists regarding the work-up of subcentimetric lesions. The aim of this study was to identify risk indicators for advanced neoplasia (AN) in subcentimetric polyps. Design: Colonoscopies were classified on the basis of the largest lesion found. AN was defined as high-grade dysplasia, villous histology, or cancer. Logistic regression models were developed to identify risk factors for AN, and validated on separate datasets. A risk index based on the logistic regression was generated, and the number needed to screen (NNS) to detect AN was determined. Results: 1 077 956 colonoscopies identified 106 270 intermediate (5-9 mm) and 198 954 diminutive (= 85 versus = 85 versus <45 years, 1.1 (95% CI 1.1 to 1.2) for male sex, 1.6 (95% CI 1.4 to 1.7) for occult blood, 1.3 (95% CI 1.2 to 1.5) for overt blood in stool, 1.3 (95% CI 1.2 to 1.4) for more than four lesions, and 2.2 (95% CI 2.1 to 2.3) for pedunculated versus sessile lesions. At median risk index values, the NNS was 9.3 (95% CI 9.1 to 9.5) in individuals with intermediate lesions and 29.4 (95% CI 28.5 to 30.2) in those with diminutive lesions. Compared with the NNS of 15 of the whole cohort, the majority of intermediate, but a minority of diminutive, lesions were deemed at high risk of AN. Conclusion: This study successfully identified risk factors and established a risk index for subcentimetric lesions. This has implications for the work-up of patients with subcentimetric lesions identified on diagnostic imaging