Generating functions and short recursions, with applications to the moments of quadratic forms in noncentral normal vectors

Using generating functions, the top-order zonal polynomials that occur in much distribution theory under normality can be recursively related to other symmetric functions (power-sum and elementary symmetric functions, Ruben, Hillier, Kan, and Wang). Typically, in a recursion of this type the k -th object of interest, d k say, is expressed in terms of all lower-order d j's. In Hillier, Kan, and Wang we pointed out that, in the case of top-order zonal polynomials (and generalizations of them), a shorter (i.e., fixed length) recursion can be deduced. The present paper shows that the argument in generalizes to a large class of objects/generating functions. The results thus obtained are then applied to various problems involving quadratic forms in noncentral normal vectors.

Generating functions and short recursions, with applications to the moments of quadratic forms in noncentral normal vectors

Using generating functions, the top-order zonal polynomials that occur in much distribution theory under normality can be recursively related to other symmetric functions (power-sum and elementary symmetric functions, Ruben (1962), Hillier, Kan, and Wang (2009)). Typically, in a recursion of this type the k-th object of interest, dk say, is expressed in terms of all lower-order dj ’s. In Hillier, Kan, and Wang (2009) we pointed out that, in the case of top-order zonal polynomials (and generalizations of them), a shorter (i.e., fixed length) recursion can be deduced. The present paper shows that the argument in Hillier, Kan, and Wang (2009) generalizes to a large class of objects/generating functions. The results thus obtained are then applied to various problems involving quadratic forms in noncentral normal vectors Keywords; generating functions, invariant polynomials, non-central normal distribution, recursions, symmetric functions, zonal polynomials

Computationally efficient recursions for top-order invariant polynomials with applications

The top-order zonal polynomials Ck(A),and top-order invariant polynomials Ck1,...,kr(A1,...,Ar)in which each of the partitions of ki,i = 1,..., r,has only one part, occur frequently in multivariate distribution theory, and econometrics - see, for example Phillips (1980, 1984, 1985, 1986), Hillier (1985, 2001), Hillier and Satchell (1986), and Smith (1989, 1993). However, even with the recursive algorithms of Ruben (1962) and Chikuse (1987), numerical evaluation of these invariant polynomials is extremely time consuming. As a result, the value of invariant polynomials has been largely confined to analytic work on distribution theory. In this paper we present new, very much more efficient, algorithms for computing both the top-order zonal and invariant polynomials. These results should make the theoretical results involving these functions much more valuable for direct practical study. We demonstrate the value of our results by providing fast and accurate algorithms for computing the moments of a ratio of quadratic forms in normal random variables.

Rho-associated kinase 1 in health and disease: vital roles in apoptotic blebbing, efferocytosis, and cancer

Rho-associated kinase 1 (ROCK1) is a serine/threonine kinase important for the regulation of the cellular cytoskeleton through the induction of actin stress fibres and acto-myosin contractility. The cleavage and subsequent activation of ROCK1 by caspase 3 during apoptosis is believed to cause many morphological phenomena associated with programmed cell death such as dynamic membrane blebbing. I now formally prove the necessity of ROCK1 cleavage for apoptotic blebbing by knocking-in a caspase cleavage resistant mutant of ROCK1 in a genetically modified model. In addition, animals homozygous for non-cleavable ROCK1 demonstrate a phenotype consistent with auto-immune disease suggesting that apoptotic blebbing is important to mediate rapid efferocytosis, which is a rapid phagocytic clearance of the cellular corpse, and thus maintain self-tolerance. Furthermore, apoptotic blebbing is important for the clearance of apoptotic cells and I demonstrate a novel mechanism for ROCK to mediate the release of factors participating in macrophage migration to dying cells. ROCK induced apoptotic blebs and bodies lose membrane integrity prior to secondary necrosis and leak intracellular material. Using quantitative mass spectrometry I identified numerous proteins that were previously unrecognized to be released during apoptosis. The release of protein was found to be impaired following ROCK antagonism with Y27632 which underscores the importance of ROCK activity in apoptotic protein release. One of these proteins, gelsolin, was released following caspase cleavage and encourages macrophage motility towards apoptotic cells. Finally, I now demonstrate that the three nonsynonymous somatic mutations in the ROCK1 gene identified in the Cancer Genome Project lead to elevated kinase activity and drive actin cytoskeleton rearrangements that promote increased motility and decreased adhesion, characteristics of cancer progression. Mapping of the kinase-interacting regions of the carboxy-terminus combined with structural modeling provides insight into how these mutations likely affect the regulation of ROCK1. Consistent with the frequency of ROCK1 mutations in human cancer, these results support the conclusion that there is selective pressure for the ROCK1 gene to acquire ‘driver’ mutations that result in kinase activation

Cambridge, Corpus Christi College 41: OE version of Bede's "Historia ecclesiastica"; Charms; Verse "Solomon and Saturn"; Homilies; Liturgical Texts

25. Cambridge, Corpus Christi College 41OE version of Bede's "Historia ecclesiastica"; Charms; Verse "Solomon and Saturn";Homilies; Liturgical Texts[Ker 32, Gneuss 39] HISTORY: A working copy of Bede's "Historia ecclesiastica" in OE translation with the unique "Metrical Epilogue" (see Robinson 1980). This is is the 'B' text, one of five surviving OE texts deriving from a common exemplar that was in an Anglian (Mercian) dialect and a close copy of the autograph. 'B' is closest to the text in Bodleian Library, Tanner 10 [408] and shows LWS phonology and vocabulary and late confusion of syntax and accidence (see Grant 1989: 1-21; 443-53). The main Bede text was written by two scribes working simultaneously, in the first half of the 11c, probably in a southern English Benedictine center with a minor scriptorium whose illuminators belonged to the "Winchester School." Wormald (1945) dates the initials and decoration 1020 x 1050. A number of texts added in margins and blank spaces by a single scribe during the first half of the 11c, some in OE, most in Latin, including OE "Solomon and Saturn", OE and Latin homilies and charms, a missal, etc. Four OE, two OE/Latin, and five Latin charms in margins, concerned with theft, eye-strain, minor illness, and demonic attack, make this the third-largest charm-collection in any A-S manuscript. Six OE homilies are added which concentrate in the main on apocryphal fictions. The OE verse "Solomon and Saturn" harmonizes with these texts. The Latin missal texts are selected from the Temporale, Sanctorale, and Missae Votivae sections of the supplemented Roman Sacramentary of the 10c and 11c and appear to belong to the same Continental and (probably) Lotharingian traditions as the Missals of Robert ofJurnieges and Leofric (see below and Grant 1979). The additional material is confined to the margins except for the OE homily on pages left blank at the end of the main Bede text. Inscription on p. 488 indicates that MS 41 was at Exeter in the possession of Bishop Leofric (1050-1072) within half a century of its compilation (this book is not mentioned in Leofric's donation lists of A-S date, Bodleian, Auct. D. 2. 16 ff. lr-2v [340] and Exeter, Cathedral Library 3501 ("The Exeter Book"), ff. 1r-2v [130]). Nothing is known of MS 41's later medieval ownership; an 11c number, 'xxiiii', in sulphidized red pigment and of unknown significance, appears on p. 1, just above the large initial ' Ð '.The manuscript was obtained by Matthew Parker (1504-1575) and became the property of Corpus Christi College after Parker's death in May 1575 under the terms of a quadripartite indenture of January 1575 between Parker, CorpusChristi College, Gonville and Caius College, and Trinity Hall, Cambridge. MS 41 bears on p. 1 the later heading 'Histori<a> Bed<e> Collegii Corp. Christi Cantabr. Sum incola S.2' in the hand of Abraham Wheelock (1593-1653), Cambridge University Librarian from 1629 and University Lecturer in Anglo­ Saxon from 1638.The press-letter 'S.2' is of the 17c or 18c and corresponds with its listing in the Parker Register (Corpus Christi College MS 575), where it is noted on p. 62 as the second item, with the incipit 'Gloriossissimo regi'; its OE incipit, 'ÐIS IS SEO,' inaccurately reported as 'Dis is ceo,' is confusedly related to Corpus Christi College 359, a Latin Bede listed in the Register as the fifth item on p. 74. Page (1993: 9-10) suggests an alternative or additional confusion of MS 41 and another OE Bede, Cambridge, University Library Kk.3.18 [103], given to CULby Parker in 1574. The same incipit is also erroneously cited on p. 79 in relation to 'Leges saxon<ice>' (= Corpus 383? [551). In the first printed Corpus catalogue by Thomas James, MS 41 is listed as item 278, "Historiæ Bedæ, Saxonice" 0ames 1600: 89), immediately preceded and followed by other manuscripts that appear under the heading 'S' in the Parker Register. It is listed as "S.2" in Stanley's catalogue (1722); in the later 18c it was assigned the number 41 before Nasmith published his catalogue in 1777. Heavy signs of Parkerian and post-Parkerian use. Some or all of the markings in red crayon may be by Parker himself: the inaccurate older (early 17c) pagination on rectos only is common to most Parkerian manuscripts.Book-numbers added in upper margins of most rectos, underlinings on pp. 19, 49, 296, 393, titles for Books 4 and 5 on pp. 224 and 368, and initial and chapter number on p. 392. Interlinear note 'in alio libro verior' (p. 296) appears to be Parker's. This may be a reference to Kk.3.18 where the relevant passage occurs on f. 67v. Various entries by John Joscelyn (1529-1603), Parker's Latin secretary, including, apparently, Arabic chapter numbers added in left margins in chapter list (pp. 1-4); chapter numbers on pp. 27-31, 39, 48, 52-53, 66, 71, 77, 80, 82, 88, 117-20, 124, 128; book numbers in upper margins of most rectos in Book 2; and first and third rectos of Book 3 (pp. 125 and 129). In outer margin of p. 66 are two notes by Joscelyn relating to passages in the text concerned with King Æthelfrith of Northumbria (592 or 593-616) and the Emperor Phocas (602-610); other notes by Joscelyn on pp. 80,100,160, and underlinings on pp. 66-100, related to his lexicographical work (see London, Lambeth Palace Library MS 692,his notebook of OE word-lists). MS 41 bears many signs of use by Abraham Wheelock, who consulted the manuscript while preparing his edition of the Latin and OE Bede (1643). His notes on front endleaf compare the OE Bede in Kk.3.18. Many pencil and inkchapter numbers in Books 1 and 4 appear to be his (pp. 22,55,59,61,63-64,230,246,248,253-54,256,261,264,266,268,272-73,276,282,285,289, and 292). Marginal notes comparing Kk.3.18 and London,British Library, Cotton Otho B. xi [217] on pp. 85,165,167 and several marginal entries, in imitation A-S script, indicating omitted text (with signes-de-renvoi, pp. 62,239,241,243,245-47,249,252,269,271,277,279); perhaps note indicating repetition on p. 460 is by him, as is a note concerning the homily on the recto of the back endleaf (p. 417, old 541). Probably the old, inaccurate ink pagination on upper outer comer of rectos throughout is by Wheelock; this is the pagination he cites on p. 417 of the manuscript and in Kk.3.18. Other early modem hands: first words of Bede's preface (p. 18) and of Book 1, chapter 1 (p. 22) supplied in 16c. A 16c hand, perhaps the same one, has entered interlinear glosses, probably derived from Kk.3.18, and vertical lines on pp. 22-23.[Note: On p. 22 the Preface ends 'oðwite' and Book I of the OE Bede follows after four blank lines, without title; Wheelock has supplied in early modern imitation of OE lettering 'BREOTON is Garsec' before '-ges igland' (Miller 18_90-1898: 2.1, 12)although, as Miller points out, the Corpus 41 scribe would have used the form 'Bryten'. Then, on pp. 22 and 23, a 16c hand has made additions to the text. First, there is some division of the OE into clauses, with vertical marks following words which end clauses: p. 22/14ff., 'haten' (Miller 1890-1898: 24.29 Ca), 'ispanie' (24.31 Ca), 'ongean' (24.31 Ca), and p. 23/11 'hiwes' (26.9 Ca). Then some OE words are glossed in Latin, the glosses being copies of those in CUL Kk.3.18, f. 8v, but not always very legible. Miller has not noticed these Latin glosses in II. The hand is no doubt Parker's, although with vertical marks and imitations of Latin words in a 13c hand it is not easy to be completely certain. The Worcester gloss of the opening of Book I, Chapter 1 of the OE Bede on f. 8v of Kk.3.18 was made with some reference to a C-type Latin text of the "Historia ecclesiastica" at a point at which the OE translation is particularly free and does not admit of strict word-for-word correspondence. The gloss is not, strictly speaking, "tremulous," although the hand is most probably contemporary with the "Tremulous Hand," but made before the latter continued the work. In the 16c the gloss was copied by Parker into pp. 22-23 of Corpus 41 (see Grant 1996æ 279-83).]Ten pencil chapter initials on pp. 24,27,29-31,39--40,45,46) are perhaps 17c and perhaps by Wheelock. Between pp. 199 and 219 a 16c or 17c hand has numbered the "Interrogationes" of St. Augustine to Pope Gregory and indicated where each of the "Responsiones" begins. A hand other than Wheelock's supplies on p. 206 a word from Otho B. xi and adds a marginal note. This last is before 1722 as-it is mentioned in John Smith's edition of the "Historia ecclesiastica" (Smith 1722: 492). There is a baffling "correction" onp. 488: ' þa sende bbrualndhild seo cwen | micel werod'.Pre-1912 pencil pagination correcting the old inaccurate ink one, beginning on p. 25 (ink '26'; the pagination is cited by M. R. James 1912). Arabic pencil quire numbers on lower outer comers of first rectos may date from the same time. There is another modem pencil foliation (incorporating the front 16c endleaf and including some errors) in the lower outer comers of the rectos. In Quire IX (pp. 125-40), the leaves have been foliated twice: from '63' to '70' in the lower outer comers of the rectos; and (upside-down) from '70' to '63' in the upper outer comers of the versos. The latter shows that the quire must have been disbound at the time of foliation and probably dates to the 1953 rebinding. Apparently (re)bound by Parker (one cannot tell if S.2 was bound before Parker's time), using a 16c legal document relating to St. Clement's Church, Cambridge. Rebound in mid-18c (see Corpus Christi College, Archives B. 3,f. 88v). Present full binding in native undyed goatskin over millboards, with double endpapers at both ends is by John P. Gray of Green Street, Cambridge, April 1953 (note by J. P. T. B[ury], former Corpus Librarian, on first front endpaper). Binding is tight and often inner marginalia can be read only with difficulty. CODICOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION: (Detailed descriptions are offered by Wanley 1705, Miller 1890-1898, Schipper 1897-1899, James 1912, and Ker 1957.)Ff. iii+ 244 (pp. 1--488) +iii. First and last pages yellow and thumbed, as if once the outer covers. Wormholes in the first few outer leaves, front and back. Vellum is variable, some good quality but most second-rate. About 20 leaves have natural holes: pp. 3-4, 139-142, 269-270, 337-340, 357-358, 485--486); other blemishes and holes avoided by the scribes and not affecting the texts are on pp. 3, 54, 70, 71, 78, 120, 135, 151, 167, 168, 170, 177, 211, 217, 239. Some leaves are so thick and rough that it is difficult to tell hair from flesh and the manner of arrangement varies: HFHF in Quires II, VII, X, XII-A'VII, XIX, and XXII; HFFH in Quires I, VI, VIII, IX, XI, A'VIII, XX, XXI, XXIII-XA'VII, XXIX, and XXX. Quires III-V,XA'VIII show various arrangements. In all quires the outer bifolium has its hair side turned to the outside. P. 488, previously the endleaf, has been so damaged by exposure that the conclusion of the final OE homily and the bilingual Record of Gift are not fully legible. Leaves ca. 347 x 214 mm, written space for the main text 295-250 x 145-135 mm. In Quire X the text-column is taller than in the other quires, about 295 mm. Leaves unpricked in inner margins, drypoint ruling. Several vertical bounding lines at each side of the text column. First and last horizontals are ruled the full width of the page and in several quires (III-X and XII-XIII) the second and penultimate lines are also ruled full width. The main text is laid out in long lines, 22 lines on p. 206, 23 on pp. 351-366, 24 lines on pp. 53-54, 335-350, and 483, 25 lines on pp. 1-52, 55-156, 199-200, 207-334, 367-482, 27 lines on pp. 157-90 and 205, 28 lines on pp. 191-98, 201-04. On several pages of Quire XIII (pp. 189-206), the text continues on an extra line entered below the last ruled line, reflecting the scribe's attempt to fit the required amount of text within the quire; Quire XIII is the last quire of the first part of the manuscript, which was apportioned to its scribes in two parts for simultaneous copying. Other idiosyncratic features of Quire XIII reflect the scribe's attempt to ensure that the required amount of text could be fitted within the quire. For the variation whereby pp. 335-350 (Quire XXII) have 24 lines and pp. 351-66 (Quire XXIII) have 22, there is no such obvious reason. For most of the marginal texts additional drypoint rulings have been added. Marginalia have been trimmed on pp. 7, 19, 56, 95, 152, 156, 157, 162, 171, 174, 176, 235.Two original sets of signatures, corresponding to the two parts, entered in ink in the lower margin of the last page of each quire. Several signatures are lost to trimming. Remaining signatures run from 'F' to 'M' on the last pages of Quires VI-XII and from 'A' to 'R' on the last pages of Quires XIV-XXX. [Note: Quire VII is not marked; perhaps the number 7 was there, then the foliator simply put 4 in front of it to mark fol. 47. Ker does not notice that Quire VIII is signed 'H' as the His concealed in the marginal text on p. 124.]Main text written in two parts simultaneously by two scribes, the first pp. 2-190/20 'on þa<m> mynstre,' the second p. 207 to the end and then back to p. 190 and up to p. 206, where the writing is spaced and lines 23-27 were originally blank. Scribe 2 also wrote p. 1, apparently after Scribe 1 had already written the rest of Quire I, as p. 1 alone lacks rubricated chapter numbers and initials. OE and Latin are not distinguished in script and both hands are rather rough, the second being of a generally later type than the first. These scribes are more than usually careless, adding meaningless alterations, omissions and additons to the usual scribal faults of haplography, dittography, and homoeoteleuton. The added 11c texts are by a third hand in brown ink, of the same or only slightly later date than the main hands, which had no role in the copying of the "Historia ecclesiastica"; this hand added additional drypoint rulings. A fourth hand is responsible for the Exeter inscription.[Note: If the scribes worked simultaneously, the exemplar either was not bound or was in two volumes. The exemplar must have been followed closely in order to get the two parts to line up so well; perhaps the scribes copied the quires of the original and did their copying line by line. Perhaps the exemplar dictated the shapes left for large initials. Was the exemplar a smaller book, perhaps? The writing center of MS 41 was probably one where variation, not standardization, was the norm, and the practitioners were following their own devices and were responsible for their own productions. Perhaps the result started out as an ambitious project of a minor scriptorium rather than a second-rate product of a major one, in which case the attitude to the book changed. The OE Bede is not luxurious in any case; the entire manuscript may soon have become a liturgical and homiletic archive. MS 41 shows a piecemeal process, one of flexibility in the function and use of a book outside a major scriptorium and maybe outside the influence of the "Regularis concordia" and the Benedictine Revival. Excellent facsimiles of many pages reproduced by Budny 1997: 2. plates 396-444; commentary 1.501-24.]Rubrics and initials often omitted, scribes leaving spaces which were in two-thirds of the instances not filled in. Some decorated initials are supplied, some are supplied unadorned, and some are fragmentary or only scratched in. Decoration consists of foliage, animal and human forms, knotwork, and drapery, in the same ink as that of the text, with no coloring except a little red. Some initials are entered wrongly, e.g., p. 6/3, a small curly crossed ‘þ’ is entered in an area where the text had been indented for a large 'D'. Except for the decorated 'Ð' on p. 1 (a page evidently written after rest of Quire I), no decorated initial occurs until the 'B' on p. 61, with an animal-head terminal and floral decorations. Other noteworthy initials on pp. 161 ('E'), 175 (‘þ’), p. 206 ('S'), p. 246 ('B': cf. Temple 1976: pl. 258), p. 248 ('þ'), p. 259 (W), p. 264 ('M'),p. 272 ('S'), p. 273 ('ð'), p. 292 ('O'), p. 410 ('Ð'); the 'I' on p. 433 is in the form of a human figure with fettered legs recalling the tale of Weland and in subject­ matter corresponding to the Bede text about a smith imprisoned in Hell (Miller1890-1898: 442/9 ff.).Wormald 1945 says the initials are of "mixed types" and that the decoration belongs to the "first" style of the Winchester school. Decoration is complete on only pp. 207-318 (Quires XIV-XX), the first complete quires done by Scribe 2. It is unlikely that more than one decorator was at work (pace Temple 1976). Several scribbles and doodles, perhaps by various hands, e.g., p. 61 Oamb's head), p. 300 bottom (dead bird), p. 475 (neumes), p.484 (unfinished crucifixion sketch), p. 485 (cherub? St. John?), p. 488 (musical notation, scribbles).The drawings on pp. 484 and 485 have been written over by the scribe of the final homily. Runic scribbles appear on pp. 197 ('Salomon'), 436 ('a b c d [e]') and 448 ('xii. 7 .xxx. swiþor'); the Bede text on p. 436 ends 'on leornunge ure stafa' and the runes follow in the lower margin, while on p. 448 the main text contains the words 'swiðor' and 'x hida landes' and p. 449 has 'prittig hida' on line 3.The so-called "Metrical Epilogue" to Bede (pp. 483-484) originally had every other line in red pigment rather than brown ink and the ink now has a sulphidized, silvery, metallic look to it (no chrysography, pace Robinson 1980). As a consequence alternate lines are blurred and messy, staining the vellum. Similar reaction of the red is seen in the interlace on p. 1 and in the list of chapter headings (pp. 2-16).Several leaves show modern repairs, presumably undertaken during the 1953 rebinding, since they would have required disbinding: repaired with vellum and gauze are spine and gutter areas of pp. 1-24, upper outer corners of pp. 431-88, lower inner areas of pp. 441-71, and spine and gutter areas of pp. 466-88; p. 405 has a vellum repair to a vertical tear in the center tail. COLLATION: iii+ 244 (pp. 1-488) + iii. Two 20c paper endleaves; one 16c vellum endleaf (formerly a pastedown); I8 (pp. 1-16); II8 lacks,2, 6 (pp. 17-28); III-VIII8 (pp. 29-124); IX10 lacks 5, 7 (pp. 125-140); X-XII8 (pp. 141-188); XIII10 lacks 4 (pp. 189-206); XIV-XV8 (pp. 207-238); XVI10 lacks 3, 7 (pp. 239-254); XVII-XXX8 (pp. 255-478); XXXI6 lacks 6 (pp. 479-488); one 16cvellum endleaf (formerly a pastedown); two 20c paper endleaves. CONTENTS:1. pp. 1-484The Old English version of Bede's "Historia ecclesiastica" known as text B and its "Metrical Epilogue" (Ker, art. 1; ed. Wheelock 1643, Smith 1722, Schipper 1897-1899; coll. Miller 1890-1898):a. pp. 1-18/7. Chapter-list, divided into five books, with the chapter headings on pp. 2-16 numbered, and with the numbering proceeding continuously through all five books: ' ÐIS | IS | SEO | GESETTNES ÐISSE | BRYTENE OÐ HIBERNIA ... eac ealre brytene' (cf. Whitelock 1974: 263-84). b. pp. 18/8-22/9 Preface: ['le Beda cristes ðeow 7 mæsse preost sende' supplied by a later, probably 16c, hand] | ‘gretan ðone leofustan cining ceoi| uulf ...oððe gehyre þ<æt> he me þ<æt> ne oð |wfte'.c. pp. 22/10-66/10 Book 1: ['cap i I BREOTON is Garsec-' supplied by a later hand] | 'ges igland þ<æt> was hi geara [altered to 'Iu geara' by a later hand] | albion haten ...to gefeoh | te cuman oð þisne andweardan dæg.'d. pp. 66/11-124/9 Book 2: '[Ð]Yssum tidum þ<æt> is ymb fif 'tine' win| ter 7 syx hund wintra ...þ<æt> he fæ |dera weg wære gefylgende.'e. pp.124/10-199/14 Book 3: '[Ð]A eadwine wæs on ðam gefeohte ofsla | gen.. 7 blissiende ham hwurfon.'f. pp.199/15-224/2 St. Augustine's nine questions to Pope Gregory the Great, with Gregory's replies: '[Æ]Rest be biscopu<m> hu hi mid heora ge Iferu<m> drohtigan 7 lifian sculon ... þæs arweorþan bis |scopes agustinus'.g. pp.224/3-368/4 Book 4: ' Ða þam gemyngodan geare þære fore | sprecenan sunnan asprungenesse ... oððe unwilitig |nes ætywde.'h. pp.368/5-483/17 Book 5: '[þ]A æfterfylgde þamdrihtj nes were cuðbrihte....arfæstre pingunge | gemete.' [the initial is sketched with a dry point]. i.pp. 483/18-484/7 OE "Metrical Epilogue": '[B]IDDe ic eac æghwylcne mann ...geweorþe þæt. / AMEN' (ed. Schipper 1897-1899: xxv-xxvi, Miller 1890-1898: 2.596, Dobbie 1942: 113). The Added Texts[Note: The added texts,except for those on pp. 484-488,are in the upper,outside, and lower margins; and except for the Record of Gift on p. 488, are probably in a single hand contemporary with that of the hands of the main text. Thematically,the contents may be indexed by item numbers thus:.OE texts: "Solomon and Saturn", 74; Charms 71, 75, 78, 89; Charms in Latin with OE headings 81, 85, 86, 87; Martyrology 65; Homilies 80, 82, 83, 84, 99; Passion 108; OE headings to Latin liturgical texts 2, 22.Latin texts: Charms 81,85,86,87,88; Liturgical texts (in their proper order) 2, 3, 4, 6, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 22, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 27, 37, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 41, 55, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61(a-t), 62, 63, 64, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 72, 73, 79, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105(a-m), 106, 107.Bilingual texts: Charms 76,77; Record of Gift 109. The contents of the manuscript are here summarized by page numbers and in order. Pages 1-484, the main text, Old English Bede. The added texts: pp. 2-7, Latin offices with OE rubrics; pp. 8-15, Latin masses for Sexagesima and Quinquagesima; pp. 16-36, 38-39 Latin masses for first Sunday in Lent to Good Friday, with OE rubric on p. 21; pp. 45, Latin mass for St. Benedict; pp. 46-47, Latin office for Easter Ev

Minority Religion in Public Office

In examining the religions of members of congress, it seems that minority religions are able to attract broad support and depending on location succeed in gaining election at the local, state and federal levels

School Bullying and Health Risk Behavior Outcomes among Adolescents in Florida

Background: School bullying is a major social and public health threat as it presents a variety of developmental and psychological adolescent hazards that stretch into adulthood problems. Bullying victimization has been linked with a plethora of adverse health risk behavior outcomes. Purpose: To examine the association between bullying (in-person and electronic) and health risk behaviors related to school violence, mental and sexual health risks, substance abuse, and weight control practices. Methods: Data were drawn from the Florida Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS). A 4-level variable was generated using the in-person and electronic bullying questions resulting in four mutually exclusive bullying categories. Logistic regression analyses, stratified by sex, examined the relationship between bullying and health risk behaviors related to violence, mental health, substance abuse, and weight-related factors after adjusting for race and grade. Results: Rates of victimization among students varied; 6.4% of students reported being bullied both in-person and electronically, 7.6% reported in-person bullying only, 4.4% reported being electronically bullied only, and 81.6% were uninvolved. Bullying was associated with almost all the health risk behavior outcomes studied with a few exceptions. Experiencing both kinds of bullying was most strongly associated with forced sexual intercourse for female adolescents as compared to suicide attempts for male adolescents. Discussion: Schools should provide safe and supportive environments and implement policies to prevent the long-term harmful effects of bullying

Historical Fire In Longleaf Pine (\u3ci\u3ePinus palustris\u3c/i\u3e) Forests of South Mississippi and Its Relation to Land Use and Climate

We characterized historical fire regimes in Pinus palustris (longleaf pine) forests of southern Mississippi with regard to global and regional coupled climate systems (e.g., El Niño–Southern Oscillation) and past human activity. The composite fire chronology spanned 1756–2013 with 132 individual scars representing 89 separate fire events. The mean fire interval was 2.9 yr, and mean intervals were significantly different between identified time periods (e.g., settlement period vs. management period). Evidence of biannual fire activity (up to three fires occurring within a 12‐ to 15‐month period) was found coeval with a peak in livestock grazing and logging from the 1850s through the 1880s. Connections were also found between historical fire and Pacific climate variability (e.g., El Niño–Southern Oscillation and Pacific Decadal Oscillation; P \u3c 0.05), yet the fire–climate linkage was likely at least partially masked by substantial human land use activities over the past several centuries. Coupled climate and human land use activity controlled the historical fire regime over the past ca. 240 yr. Although the many fire adaptions of P. palustris yield limitations in tree‐ring‐based fire history studies (e.g., thick bark), we highlight the efficacy of considering the height at which fire scars are analyzed along the bole as a way to glean a more accurate depiction of historical fire occurrence, especially in ecosystems characterized by a frequent, low‐severity fire regime. This study suggests growing‐season fire prescribed at a 2‐ to 3‐yr interval would be the first step toward simulating historical landscape conditions and fire activity, should that be the goal by land managers

Evidencing built health system reconfiguration policy

BACKGROUND: Current built health system reconfiguration evidence is insufficient to support policy decisions on the best settings for healthcare provision. As a result, the “built health system” (the buildings, physical environments, engineering infrastructure and the building standards, guidance and evidence that support them) remain misunderstood. We explore several literature review types that have supported built health system policy, and the methodological, interdisciplinary and theoretical challenges of conducting high-impacting systematised reviews. Then establish how they might provide a robust basis for prioritising the reconfiguration of significant capital investments. METHODS/DESIGN: Five literature reviews undertaken to inform built health system reconfiguration policy are used as an empirical basis to help establish clearer scientific grounds for built health system infrastructure policy. The methods, benefits and empirical limitations of systematic, scoping, narrative, realistic and rapid reviews are compared. DISCUSSION: The methodological, interdisciplinary and theoretical shortcomings of existing evidence on built health system reconfiguration need to be addressed. This paper conceptualises this evidence and offers a new evidence co-production framework