MISIONES DE LAS FUERZAS ARMADAS Y LA POLICÍA NACIONAL, EN EL CONTEXTO DE LA PERSPECTIVA DEMOCRÁTICA DE LA SEGURIDAD, LA DEFENSA NACIONAL, LA SEGURIDAD CIUDADANA Y LA DEFENSA CIVIL

El estado social de derecho justifica el concepto del Estado como sociedad jurídica y políticamente organizada y perfecciona la noción del contrato social, pues no solo que evidencia los deberes y atribuciones del órgano público y los derechos y obligaciones que tienen los asociados, sino que es la aceptación de que el sistema jurídico, con sus normas de diversa categoría, permite la existencia del Estado y rige la vida jurídica de todos, dentro de un proceso constante de armonización de dichas normas con las de superior categoría en general, y las de la carta política en especial, como piedra angular y superior de la pirámide jurídica. Esto también permite explicar que la solución de los problemas fácticos de la sociedad se consigue mediante la aplicación de un sistema armónico de normas dictadas por el órgano competente, con el fin último de alcanzar el bien común

SARS-CoV-2 uses CD4 to infect T helper lymphocytes

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the agent of a major global outbreak of respiratory tract disease known as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 infects mainly lungs and may cause several immune-related complications, such as lymphocytopenia and cytokine storm, which are associated with the severity of the disease and predict mortality. The mechanism by which SARS-CoV-2 infection may result in immune system dysfunction is still not fully understood. Here, we show that SARS-CoV-2 infects human CD4+ T helper cells, but not CD8+ T cells, and is present in blood and bronchoalveolar lavage T helper cells of severe COVID-19 patients. We demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein (S) directly binds to the CD4 molecule, which in turn mediates the entry of SARS-CoV-2 in T helper cells. This leads to impaired CD4 T cell function and may cause cell death. SARS-CoV-2-infected T helper cells express higher levels of IL-10, which is associated with viral persistence and disease severity. Thus, CD4-mediated SARS-CoV-2 infection of T helper cells may contribute to a poor immune response in COVID-19 patients.</p

SARS-CoV-2 uses CD4 to infect T helper lymphocytes

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the agent of a major global outbreak of respiratory tract disease known as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 infects mainly lungs and may cause several immune-related complications, such as lymphocytopenia and cytokine storm, which are associated with the severity of the disease and predict mortality. The mechanism by which SARS-CoV-2 infection may result in immune system dysfunction is still not fully understood. Here, we show that SARS-CoV-2 infects human CD4+ T helper cells, but not CD8+ T cells, and is present in blood and bronchoalveolar lavage T helper cells of severe COVID-19 patients. We demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein (S) directly binds to the CD4 molecule, which in turn mediates the entry of SARS-CoV-2 in T helper cells. This leads to impaired CD4 T cell function and may cause cell death. SARS-CoV-2-infected T helper cells express higher levels of IL-10, which is associated with viral persistence and disease severity. Thus, CD4-mediated SARS-CoV-2 infection of T helper cells may contribute to a poor immune response in COVID-19 patients.</p

Ispanismo internazionale e circolazione delle storiografie negli anni della democrazia spagnola (1978-2008)

Il volume presenta una panoramica ad ampio raggio della ricerca storiografica ispanistica sul piano internazionale dell'ultimo trentennio. Allo stesso tempo indaga sull'influenza che le varie storiografie nazionali sull'età contemporanea hanno esercitato sulla storiografia del paese iberico