Genetic uniqueness and socio-cultural conservation values of the endangered Yakutian Cattle

At the local level the values of the cattle were more related to everyday livelihood strategies of single households and families, whereas the representatives of the republic, in line with the newspapers, highlighted the importance of the cattle for Sakha's food production and for national identity. Thus, individuals at different levels were in favour of conserving the cattle, but for different reasons. The local residents and experts were more concerned about developing economically sustainable cattle production, whereas the experts in Yakutsk were concerned about the conservation of genetic resources. The genetic studies have indicated that Yakutian Cattle show genetic distinctiveness and have genetic value for the maintenance of cattle diversity

Memory Effect, Rejuvenation and Chaos Effect in the Multi-layer Random Energy Model

We introduce magnetization to the Multi-layer Random Energy Model which has a hierarchical structure, and perform Monte Carlo simulation to observe the behavior of ac-susceptibility. We find that this model is able to reproduce three prominent features of spin glasses, i.e., memory effect, rejuvenation and chaos effect, which were found recently by various experiments on aging phenomena with temperature variations.Comment: 10 pages, 14 figures, to be submitted to J. Phys. Soc. Jp

Numerical Study of Aging in the Generalized Random Energy Model

Magnetizations are introduced to the Generalized Random Energy Model (GREM) and numerical simulations on ac susceptibility is made for direct comparison with experiments in glassy materials. Prominent dynamical natures of spin glasses, {\it i.e.}, {\em memory} effect and {\em reinitialization}, are reproduced well in the GREM. The existence of many layers causing continuous transitions is very important for the two natures. Results of experiments in other glassy materials such as polymers, supercooled glycerol and orientational glasses, which are contrast to those in spin glasses, are interpreted well by the Single-layer Random Energy Model.Comment: 8 pages, 9 figures, to be submitted to J. Phys. Soc. Jp

Scaling Law and Aging Phenomena in the Random Energy Model

We study the effect of temperature shift on aging phenomena in the Random Energy Model (REM). From calculation on the correlation function and simulation on the Zero-Field-Cooled magnetization, we find that the REM satisfies a scaling relation even if temperature is shifted. Furthermore, this scaling property naturally leads to results obtained in experiment and the droplet theory.Comment: 8 pages, 7 figures, to be submitted to J. Phys. Soc. Jp

Off-Equilibrium Dynamics in Finite-Dimensional Spin Glass Models

The low temperature dynamics of the two- and three-dimensional Ising spin glass model with Gaussian couplings is investigated via extensive Monte Carlo simulations. We find an algebraic decay of the remanent magnetization. For the autocorrelation function $C(t,t_w)=[]_{av}$ a typical aging scenario with a $t/t_w$ scaling is established. Investigating spatial correlations we find an algebraic growth law $\xi(t_w)\sim t_w^{\alpha(T)}$ of the average domain size. The spatial correlation function $G(r,t_w)=[< S_i(t_w)S_{i+r}(t_w)>^2]_{av}$ scales with $r/\xi(t_w)$. The sensitivity of the correlations in the spin glass phase with respect to temperature changes is examined by calculating a time dependent overlap length. In the two dimensional model we examine domain growth with a new method: First we determine the exact ground states of the various samples (of system sizes up to $100\times 100$) and then we calculate the correlations between this state and the states generated during a Monte Carlo simulation.Comment: 38 pages, RevTeX, 14 postscript figure

Relaxation of the field-cooled magnetization of an Ising spin glass

The time and temperature dependence of the field-cooled magnetization of a three dimensional Ising spin glass, Fe_{0.5}Mn_{0.5}TiO_{3}, has been investigated. The temperature and cooling rate dependence is found to exhibit memory phenomena that can be related to the memory behavior of the low frequency ac-susceptibility. The results add some further understanding on how to model the three dimensional Ising spin glass in real space.Comment: 8 pages RevTEX, 5 figure

Short range ferromagnetism and spin glass state in Y0.7Ca0.3MnO3\mathrm{Y_{0.7}Ca_{0.3}MnO_{3}}

Dynamic magnetic properties of $\mathrm{Y_{0.7}Ca_{0.3}MnO_{3}}$ are reported. The system appears to attain local ferromagnetic order at $T_{\mathrm{SRF}} \approx 70$ K. Below this temperature the low field magnetization becomes history dependent, i.e. the zero field cooled (ZFC) and field cooled (FC) magnetization deviate from each other and closely logarithmic relaxation appears at our experimental time scales (0.3-$10^{4}$ sec). The zero field cooled magnetization has a maximum at $T_{\mathrm{f}}\approx 30$ K, whereas the field cooled magnetization continues to increase, although less sharply, also below this temperature. Surprisingly, the dynamics of the system shows non-equilibrium spin glass (SG) features not only below the maximum in the ZFC magnetization, but also in the temperature region between this maximum and $T_{\mathrm{SRF}}$. The aging and temperature cycling experiments show only quantitative differences in the dynamic behavior above and below the maximum in the ZFC-magnetization; similarly, memory effects are observed in both temperature regions. We attribute the high temperature behavior to the existence of clusters of short range ferromagnetic order below $T_{\mathrm{SRF}}$; the configuration evolves into a conventional spin glass state at temperatures below $T_{\mathrm{f}}$.Comment: REVTeX style; 8 pages, 8 figure

Microplastic in wild populations of the omnivorous crab Carcinus aestuarii: A review and a regional-scale test of extraction methods, including microfibres

Microplastic (MP) has become ubiquitous in the marine environment. Its threat to marine organisms has been demonstrated under laboratory conditions, yet studies on wild populations still face methodological difficulties. We reviewed the methods used to separate MP from soft animal tissues and highlighted a lack of standardised methodologies, particularly critical for synthetic microfibres. We further compared enzymatic and a potassium hydroxide (KOH)-based alkaline digestion protocols on wild crabs (Carcinus aestuarii) collected from three coastal lagoons in the north Adriatic Sea and on laboratory-prepared synthetic polyester (PES) of different colour and polypropylene (PP). We compared the cost-effectiveness of the two methods, together with the potential for adverse quantitative or qualitative effects on MP that could alter the capability of the polymers to be recognised via microscopic or spectroscopic techniques. Only 5.5% of the 180 examined crabs contained MP in their gastrointestinal tracts, with a notably high quantitative variability between individuals (from 1 to 117 particles per individual). All MP found was exclusively microfibres, mainly PES, with a mean length (\ub1SE) of 0.5\u202f\ub1\u202f0.03\u202fmm. The two digestion methods provided comparable estimates on wild crabs and did not cause any visible physical or chemical alterations on laboratory-prepared microfibres treated for up to 4 days. KOH solution was faster and cheaper compared to the enzymatic extraction, involving fewer procedural steps and therefore reducing the risk of airborne contamination. With digestion times longer than 4 days, KOH caused morphological alterations of some of the PES microfibres, which did not occur with the enzymatic digestion. This suggests that KOH is effective for the digestion of small marine invertebrates or biological samples for which shorter digestion time is required, while enzymatic extraction should be considered as alternative for larger organisms or sample sizes requiring longer digestion times