Objective measurement of habitual sedentary behavior in pre-school children: comparison of activPAL with actigraph monitors

The Actigraph is well established for measurement of both physical activity and sedentary behavior in children. The activPAL is being used increasingly in children, though with no published evidence on its use in free-living children to date. The present study compared the two monitors in preschool children. Children (n 23) wore both monitors simultaneously during waking hours for 5.6d and 10h/d. Daily mean percentage of time sedentary (nontranslocation of the trunk) was 74.6 (SD 6.8) for the Actigraph and 78.9 (SD 4.3) for activPAL. Daily mean percentage of time physically active (light intensity physical activity plus MVPA) was 25.4 (SD 6.8) for the Actigraph and 21.1 (SD 4.3) for the activPAL. Bland-Altman tests and paired t tests suggested small but statistically significant differences between the two monitors. Actigraph and activPAL estimates of sedentary behaviour and physical activity in young children are similar at a group level

Exploration of Parameter Spaces in a Virtual Observatory

Like every other field of intellectual endeavor, astronomy is being revolutionised by the advances in information technology. There is an ongoing exponential growth in the volume, quality, and complexity of astronomical data sets, mainly through large digital sky surveys and archives. The Virtual Observatory (VO) concept represents a scientific and technological framework needed to cope with this data flood. Systematic exploration of the observable parameter spaces, covered by large digital sky surveys spanning a range of wavelengths, will be one of the primary modes of research with a VO. This is where the truly new discoveries will be made, and new insights be gained about the already known astronomical objects and phenomena. We review some of the methodological challenges posed by the analysis of large and complex data sets expected in the VO-based research. The challenges are driven both by the size and the complexity of the data sets (billions of data vectors in parameter spaces of tens or hundreds of dimensions), by the heterogeneity of the data and measurement errors, including differences in basic survey parameters for the federated data sets (e.g., in the positional accuracy and resolution, wavelength coverage, time baseline, etc.), various selection effects, as well as the intrinsic clustering properties (functional form, topology) of the data distributions in the parameter spaces of observed attributes. Answering these challenges will require substantial collaborative efforts and partnerships between astronomers, computer scientists, and statisticians.Comment: Invited review, 10 pages, Latex file with 4 eps figures, style files included. To appear in Proc. SPIE, v. 4477 (2001

Influence of molding and core sands matrix on the effectiveness of the microwaves absorption

The paper presents the results of applying microwaves to support the drying, redrying and hardening process of molding and core sands made of different types of matrix. In the tests of the microwave heating process a slot line measuring stand was used. Being based on the dielectric parameter measurement it enabled the evaluation of power losses of microwaves penetrating: chromite, magnesite, corundum, zircon and silica molding matrix samples. The survey revealed an impact of humidity and chemical compound of sands on microwave absorption. The study enabled the systematization of knowledge about the influence of selected types of matrix on the effectiveness of the microwave heating process

A technique to record the sedentary to walk movement during free living mobility : a comparison of healthy and stroke populations

Background Hesitation between moving from a sedentary posture (lying/sitting) to walking is a characteristic of mobility impaired individuals, as identified from laboratory studies. Knowing the extent to which this hesitation occurs during everyday life would benefit rehabilitation research. This study aimed to quantify this transition hesitation through a novel approach to analysing data from a physical activity monitor based on a tri-axial accelerometer and compare results from two populations; stroke patients and age-matched unimpaired controls. Methods Stroke patients living at home with early supported discharge (n=34, 68.9YO ± 11.8) and age matched controls (n=30, 66.8YO ± 10.5) wore a physical activity monitor for 48hrs. The outputs from the monitor were then used to determine the transitions from sedentary to walking. The time delay between a sedentary posture ending and the start of walking classified four transition types: 1) fluent (<=2s), 2) hesitant (>2s<=10s), 3) separated (>10s) and 4) a change from sedentary with no registered walking to a return to sedentary. Results Control participants initiated walking after a sedentary posture on 92% of occasions. Most commonly (43%) this was a fluent transition. In contrast stroke patients walked after changing from a sedentary posture on 68% of occasions with only 9% of transitions classed as fluent, (p<0.05). Discussion/Conclusion A new data analysis technique reports the frequency of walking following a change in sedentary position in stroke patients and healthy controls and characterises this transition according to the time delay before walking. This technique creates opportunities to explore everyday mobility in greater depth

Injecting Artificial Memory Errors Into a Running Computer Program

Single-event upsets (SEUs) or bitflips are computer memory errors caused by radiation. BITFLIPS (Basic Instrumentation Tool for Fault Localized Injection of Probabilistic SEUs) is a computer program that deliberately injects SEUs into another computer program, while the latter is running, for the purpose of evaluating the fault tolerance of that program. BITFLIPS was written as a plug-in extension of the open-source Valgrind debugging and profiling software. BITFLIPS can inject SEUs into any program that can be run on the Linux operating system, without needing to modify the program s source code. Further, if access to the original program source code is available, BITFLIPS offers fine-grained control over exactly when and which areas of memory (as specified via program variables) will be subjected to SEUs. The rate of injection of SEUs is controlled by specifying either a fault probability or a fault rate based on memory size and radiation exposure time, in units of SEUs per byte per second. BITFLIPS can also log each SEU that it injects and, if program source code is available, report the magnitude of effect of the SEU on a floating-point value or other program variable

Exploration of Large Digital Sky Surveys

We review some of the scientific opportunities and technical challenges posed by the exploration of the large digital sky surveys, in the context of a Virtual Observatory (VO). The VO paradigm will profoundly change the way observational astronomy is done. Clustering analysis techniques can be used to discover samples of rare, unusual, or even previously unknown types of astronomical objects and phenomena. Exploration of the previously poorly probed portions of the observable parameter space are especially promising. We illustrate some of the possible types of studies with examples drawn from DPOSS; much more complex and interesting applications are forthcoming. Development of the new tools needed for an efficient exploration of these vast data sets requires a synergy between astronomy and information sciences, with great potential returns for both fields.Comment: To appear in: Mining the Sky, eds. A. Banday et al., ESO Astrophysics Symposia, Berlin: Springer Verlag, in press (2001). Latex file, 18 pages, 6 encapsulated postscript figures, style files include

Technology for monitoring everyday prosthesis use: a systematic review

BACKGROUND Understanding how prostheses are used in everyday life is central to the design, provision and evaluation of prosthetic devices and associated services. This paper reviews the scientific literature on methodologies and technologies that have been used to assess the daily use of both upper- and lower-limb prostheses. It discusses the types of studies that have been undertaken, the technologies used to monitor physical activity, the benefits of monitoring daily living and the barriers to long-term monitoring. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, CINAHL and EMBASE of studies that monitored the activity of prosthesis-users during daily-living. RESULTS 60 lower-limb studies and 9 upper-limb studies were identified for inclusion in the review. The first studies in the lower-limb field date from the 1990s and the number has increased steadily since the early 2000s. In contrast, the studies in the upper-limb field have only begun to emerge over the past few years. The early lower-limb studies focused on the development or validation of actimeters, algorithms and/or scores for activity classification. However, most of the recent lower-limb studies used activity monitoring to compare prosthetic components. The lower-limb studies mainly used step-counts as their only measure of activity, focusing on the amount of activity, not the type and quality of movements. In comparison, the small number of upper-limb studies were fairly evenly spread between development of algorithms, comparison of everyday activity to clinical scores, and comparison of different prosthesis user populations. Most upper-limb papers reported the degree of symmetry in activity levels between the arm with the prosthesis and the intact arm. CONCLUSIONS Activity monitoring technology used in conjunction with clinical scores and user feedback, offers significant insights into how prostheses are used and whether they meet the user’s requirements. However, the cost, limited battery-life and lack of availability in many countries mean that using sensors to understand the daily use of prostheses and the types of activity being performed has not yet become a feasible standard clinical practice. This review provides recommendations for the research and clinical communities to advance this area for the benefit of prosthesis users

West End Walkers 65+: a randomised controlled trial of a primary care-based walking intervention for older adults:study rationale and design

<p>Background: In Scotland, older adults are a key target group for physical activity intervention due to the large proportion who are inactive. The health benefits of an active lifestyle are well established but more research is required on the most effective interventions to increase activity in older adults. The 'West End Walkers 65+' randomised controlled trial aims to examine the feasibility of delivering a pedometer-based walking intervention to adults aged ≥65 years through a primary care setting and to determine the efficacy of this pilot. The study rationale, protocol and recruitment process are discussed in this paper.</p> <p>Methods/Design: The intervention consisted of a 12-week pedometer-based graduated walking programme and physical activity consultations. Participants were randomised into an immediate intervention group (immediate group) or a 12-week waiting list control group (delayed group) who then received the intervention. For the pilot element of this study, the primary outcome measure was pedometer step counts. Secondary outcome measures of sedentary time and physical activity (time spent lying/sitting, standing or walking; activPAL™ monitor), mood (Positive and Negative Affect Schedule), functional ability (Perceived Motor-Efficacy Scale for Older Adults), quality of life (Short-Form (36) Health Survey version 2) and loneliness (UCLA Loneliness Scale) were assessed. Focus groups with participants and semi-structured interviews with the research team captured their experiences of the intervention. The feasibility component of this trial examined recruitment via primary care and retention of participants, appropriateness of the intervention for older adults and the delivery of the intervention by a practice nurse.</p> <p>Discussion: West End Walkers 65+ will determine the feasibility and pilot the efficacy of delivering a pedometer-based walking intervention through primary care to Scottish adults aged ≥65 years. The study will also examine the effect of the intervention on the well-being of participants and gain an insight into both participant and research team member experiences of the intervention.</p&gt

Синтез конденсованих похідних піримідину з використанням NCNCC+C підходу Д.C.Гранат, А.В.Бійцева, О.О.Григоренко, С.В.Рябухін

The methods of synthesis of various substituted fused pyrimidine derivatives using NCNCC+C approach have been systematized and summarized in the review. Approaches based on the reaction of carbonyl compounds with NCNCC binucleophiles, in particular, N-aryl(thio)ureas, derivatives of aniline and aromatic heterocyclic amines, N-arylamidines and N-imidoylphosphoranes have been considered. Although these methods have been known for a long time, recent efforts in this area are put towards development of mild reaction conditions, in particular with the use of chlorotrimethylsilane or microwave irradiation. Besides, palladium-catalyzed cyclizations have been discussed, they involve N-arylamidines or N-arylcarbodiimides as the NCNCC components, and carbon(II) oxide or isocyanides – as single-carbon synthetic equivalents. These methods have received much attention in recent years. Most of them are three-component reactions, which involve an additional nucleophilic reagent; therefore, these approaches have some advantages in the view of diversity of the products obtained. Other methods for NCNCC+C cyclization have been also considered, including reactions of ketimines derived from aminoheterocycles with isocyanates, reactions of N-arylcarbodiimides with molybdenum carbonyl, Cu- and Rh-catalyzed processes, etc. It has been shown that [5+1] cyclization discussed in the review can be used for preparation of fused pyrimidines, which can bear moieties of annelated isoquinolines, thiazoles, pyridines, pyrazines, triazoles, pyrazoles, etc., apart from the simple ring.В обзоре впервые систематизированы и обобщены методы синтеза разнообразных замещенных конденсированных производных пиримидина с использованием NCNCC+C подхода. Рассмотрены методы, основанные на реакции карбонильных соединений с NCNCC бинуклеофилами, в частности, N-арил(тио) мочевинами, производными анилина и ароматических гетероциклических аминов, N-ариламидинами и N-имидоилфосфоранами. Хотя данная группа методов известна относительно давно, значительное количество современных работ в этом направлении посвящено разработке мягких условий проведения реакции, в том числе с использованием триметилхлорсилана или под воздействием микроволнового излучения. Отдельно обсуждены циклизации, катализируемые палладием, в которых в качестве NCNCC компоненты выступают N-ариламидины и N-арилкарбодиимиды, а в качестве С‑составлющей − монооксид углерода или изонитрилы. Эти методы особенно интенсивно развиваются в последние годы и большей частью являются трехкомпонентными реакциями, в которых участие дополнительно принимает нуклеофильный реагент; следовательно, такие процессы обладают рядом преимуществ с точки зрения разнообразия соединений, которые могут быть получены. Рассмотрены также и другие методы, в частности реакции кетиминов на основе аминогетероциклов с изоцианатами, реакции N-арилкарбодиимидов с карбонилом молибдена, Cu- и Rh-катализируемые процессы и т. д. Показано, что [5 +1]-циклизация дает возможность получения различных функционализированных конденсированных пиримидинов, которые, кроме бензольного ядра, могут содержать аннелированные ядра изохинолина, тиазола, пиридина, пиразина, триазола, пиразола и т. п.В огляді вперше систематизовані та узагальнені методи синтезу різноманітних заміщених конденсованих похідних піримідину з використанням NCNCC+C підходу. Розглянуті методи, що базуються на реакції карбонільних сполук з NCNCC бінуклеофілами, зокрема, N-арил(тіо)сечовинами, похідними аніліну та ароматичних гетероциклічних амінів, N-ариламідинами та N-імідоїлфосфоранами. Хоча ця група методів відома відносно давно, значна кількість сучасних робіт у цьому напрямку присвячена розробці м’яких умов проведення реакції, зокрема з використанням триметилхлоросилану або при дії мікрохвильового випромінення. Окремо обговорені Pd-каталізовані циклізації, у яких як NCNCC компоненти виступають N-ариламідини та N-арилкарбодііміди, а як С-складова – карбон(ІІ) оксид або ізонітрили. Ці методи особливо інтенсивно розвиваються в останні роки і найчастіше є трикомпонентними реакціями, в яких додатково бере участь нуклеофільний реагент; отже, такі процеси мають ряд переваг з точки зору різномаїття сполук, які можуть бути одержані. Розглянуті також інші методи, зокрема реакції кетімінів на основі аміногетероциклів з ізоціанатами, реакції N-арилкарбодіімідів з карбонілом молібдену, Cu- та Rh-каталізовані процеси тощо. Показано, що [5+1]-циклізація дає можливість одержання різних функціоналізованих конденсованих піримідинів, які, окрім бензенового ядра, можуть містити анельовані ядра ізохіноліну, тіазолу, піридину, піразину, триазолу, піразолу тощо