Verbbøyning: Hva skjer når hjernen får en skade? Eksperimentell evidens fra afasirammede og Alzheimer-pasienter

En test utviklet for å undersøke tilegnelse av preteritumsformer hos barn er gitt til en gruppe afasirammede, det vil si voksne med språkvansker etter fokal hjerneskade. Testen består av bilder av 60 verb representative for de tre store verbklassene i bokmål. De afasirammedes responser sammenlignes med resultatene fra normalspråklige voksne og Alzheimer-pasienter. Som gruppe skårer de afasirammede langt dårligere enn de to andre gruppene. En analyse av hva slags feil informantene gjør, avslører ulike feilmønstre i de tre informantgruppene. Resultatene diskuteres i forhold til hva de forteller om underliggende årsaker til vanskene, leksikonstruktur og bøyningssystem hos informantene, og vi diskuterer mulige konsekvenser for differensialdiagnostisering. Det er store individuelle forskjeller blant de afasirammede, og artikkelen gir også et innblikk i fire individuelle kasus

Comparing the Efficacy of an Identical, Tailored Smoking Cessation Intervention Delivered by Mobile Text Messaging Versus Email: Randomized Controlled Trial

Source at https://doi.org/10.2196/12137.Background - There is a need to deliver smoking cessation support at a population level, both in developed and developing countries. Studies on internet-based and mobile phone–based smoking cessation interventions have shown that these methods can be as effective as other methods of support, and they can have a wider reach at a lower cost. Objective - This randomized controlled trial (RCT) aimed to compare, on a population level, the efficacy of an identical, tailored smoking cessation intervention delivered by mobile text messaging versus email. Methods - We conducted a nationwide 2-arm, double-blinded, fully automated RCT, close to a real-world setting, in Norway. We did not offer incentives to increase participation and adherence or to decrease loss to follow-up. We recruited users of the website, slutta.no, an open, free, multi-component Norwegian internet-based smoking cessation program, from May 2010 until October 2012. Enrolled smokers were considered as having completed a time point regardless of their response status if it was 1, 3, 6, or 12 months post cessation. We assessed 7315 participants using the following inclusion criteria: knowledge of the Norwegian language, age 16 years or older, ownership of a Norwegian cell phone, having an email account, current cigarette smoker, willingness to set a cessation date within 14 days (mandatory), and completion of a baseline questionnaire for tailoring algorithms. Altogether, 6137 participants were eligible for the study and 4378 participants (71.33%) provided informed consent to participate in the smoking cessation trial. We calculated the response rates for participants at the completed 1, 3, 6, and 12 months post cessation. For each arm, we conducted an intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis for each completed time point. The main outcome was 7-day self-reported point prevalence abstinence (PPA) at the completed 6 months post cessation. We calculated effect size of the 7-day self-reported PPA in the text message arm compared with the email arm as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% CIs for the 4 time points post cessation. Results - At 6 months follow-up, 21.06% (384/1823) of participants in the text message arm and 18.62% (333/1788) in the email arm responded (P=.07) to the surveys. In the ITT analysis, 11.46% (209/1823) of participants in the text message arm compared with 10.96% (196/1788) in the email arm (OR 1.05, 95% CI 0.86-1.30) reported to have achieved 7 days PPA. Conclusions - This nationwide, double-blinded, large, fully automated RCT found that 1 in 9 enrolled smokers reported 7-day PPA in both arms, 6 months post cessation. Our study found that identical smoking cessation interventions delivered by mobile text messaging and email may be equally successful at a population level

Factors associated with predictors of smoking cessation from a Norwegian internet-based smoking cessation intervention study

Introduction: We examined if we could identify predictors for smoking cessation at six months post cessation, among smokers enrolled in a large Norwegian populationbased intervention study. Methods: We followed 4333 (72.1% women) smokers who enrolled in an internetbased smoking cessation intervention during 2010–2012. The baseline questionnaire collected information on sociodemographic and lifestyle factors, including current snus use. The cessation outcome was self-reported no smoking past seven days, at six months. We used logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals, to identify predictors of smoking cessation, adjusting for potential confounders. Results: Women (OR=1.30; 95% CI: 1.01–1.69) compared with men, and those with medium (OR=1.31; 95% CI: 1.02–1.68) and longer (OR=1.42; 95% CI: 1.06–1.90) education compared with those with shorter education, were more likely to be successful quitters. Overall, being a student (OR=0.56; 95% CI: 0.37–0.85) compared with having fulltime work, and a moderate to high Fagerström test for nicotine dependence (FTND) score (OR=0.69; 95% CI: 0.55–0.87) compared with a low score, were predictors for unsuccessful cessation. Current snus use was a predictor for unsuccessful cessation compared to no snus use for both men (OR=0.49; 95% CI: 0.28–0.88) and women (OR=0.49; 95% CI: 0.32–0.75). Conclusions: Our study identifies female sex and longer education as predictors for successful smoking cessation, while a medium or high FTND score, being a student, and current snus use, were predictors for unsuccessful smoking cessation. Only current snus use was a predictor for unsuccessful cessation for both sexes. Our results indicate that smokers should be warned that snus use may prevent successful smoking cessation

Factors associated with predictors of smoking cessation from a Norwegian internet-based smoking cessation intervention study

Introduction: We examined if we could identify predictors for smoking cessation at six months post cessation, among smokers enrolled in a large Norwegian populationbased intervention study. Methods: We followed 4333 (72.1% women) smokers who enrolled in an internetbased smoking cessation intervention during 2010–2012. The baseline questionnaire collected information on sociodemographic and lifestyle factors, including current snus use. The cessation outcome was self-reported no smoking past seven days, at six months. We used logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals, to identify predictors of smoking cessation, adjusting for potential confounders. Results: Women (OR=1.30; 95% CI: 1.01–1.69) compared with men, and those with medium (OR=1.31; 95% CI: 1.02–1.68) and longer (OR=1.42; 95% CI: 1.06–1.90) education compared with those with shorter education, were more likely to be successful quitters. Overall, being a student (OR=0.56; 95% CI: 0.37–0.85) compared with having fulltime work, and a moderate to high Fagerström test for nicotine dependence (FTND) score (OR=0.69; 95% CI: 0.55–0.87) compared with a low score, were predictors for unsuccessful cessation. Current snus use was a predictor for unsuccessful cessation compared to no snus use for both men (OR=0.49; 95% CI: 0.28–0.88) and women (OR=0.49; 95% CI: 0.32–0.75). Conclusions: Our study identifies female sex and longer education as predictors for successful smoking cessation, while a medium or high FTND score, being a student, and current snus use, were predictors for unsuccessful smoking cessation. Only current snus use was a predictor for unsuccessful cessation for both sexes. Our results indicate that smokers should be warned that snus use may prevent successful smoking cessation.publishedVersio

Smoking and pancreatic cancer: a sex-specific analysis in the Multiethnic Cohort study

Purpose To examine whether the detrimental smoking-related association with pancreatic cancer (PC) is the same for women as for men. Methods We analyzed data from 192,035 participants aged 45–75 years, enrolled in the Multiethnic Cohort study (MEC) in 1993–1996. We identifed PC cases via linkage to the Hawaii and California Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program cancer registries through December 2017. Results During a mean follow-up of 19.2 years, we identifed 1,936 incident PC cases. Women smokers smoked on average less than men smokers. In multivariate Cox regression models, as compared with sex-specifc never smokers, current smokers had a similar elevated risk of PC for women, hazard ratio (HR) 1.49 (95% CI 1.24, 1.79) and as for men, HR 1.48 (95% CI 1.22, 1.79) (pheterogeneity: 0.79). Former smokers showed a decrease in risk of PC for men within 5 years, HR 0.74 (95% CI 0.57, 0.97) and for women within 10 years after quitting, HR 0.70 (95% CI 0.50, 0.96), compared with their sex-specifc current smokers. Both sexes showed a consistent, strong, positive dose–response association with PC for the four measures (age at initiation, duration, number of cigarettes per day, number of pack-years) of smoking exposure among current smokers and an inverse association for years of quitting and age at smoking cessation among former smokers (all ptrend’s<0.001). Conclusion Although MEC women smoke on average less than their men counterparts, the smoking-related increase in PC risk and the benefts of cessation seem to be of similar magnitudes for women as for men

Cigarette smoking and risk of borderline and invasive epithelial ovarian cancer

Studies regarding the association between smoking and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) are inconsistent. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between smoking and EOC, overall and according to invasiveness and histological subtype in a cohort of women with a high proportion of smokers at enrolment. We followed 103,081 women, aged 30-50 years in 1991/1992, from the Norwegian-Swedish Women&apos;s Lifestyle and Health cohort. The women completed a questionnaire on personal characteristics and exposures at enrolment and were subsequently followed with linkages to national registers through December 31, 2004. We used Cox proportional hazard regression models to estimate hazard ratio (RR) of EOC with 95% confidence intervals 1,2 Several other factors such as a late age at menarche, an early menopause, a late age at first and last birth, breast feeding and physical activity have been linked with decreased risk, while obesity, postmenopausal hormone therapy use, and alcohol consumption have been linked with increased risk. However, many studies did not find these associations. Several etiologic hypotheses; the incessant ovulation, the retrograde transport, the inflammation, exogenous carcinogens, and some related to specific hormones, have been postulated. None of the suggested hypotheses so far can explain all the epidemiological data