Safety and nutritional value of a dried killed bacterial biomass from Escherichia coli (FERM BP‐10942) (PT73 (TM)) as a feed material for pigs, ruminants and salmonids

PT73 (TM) is a dried, heat-inactivated bacterial biomass used as a feed material produced from an Escherichia coli K-12 strain, which was genetically modified to overproduce threonine. The recipient organism E. coli MG 1655 is considered to be safe. The traits introduced in the final modified strain E. coli FERM BP-10942 are mainly limited to the overproduction of threonine. No full-length antibiotic resistance genes or other sequences of concern remain in the modified strain. In conclusion, the EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP): does not identify risks for human and animal health or the environment from this biomass regarding the genetic modification of the strain. The proposed recommended use level for dairy cows (8% PT73 (TM) of feed dry matter (~ 7% in complete feed)) and salmonids (13%) is considered safe for these target animals. The conclusion form dairy cows could be extended to other ruminants (from the beginning of rumination). Complete feed for pigs for fattening may contain up to 10% PT73 (TM). The toxicological data indicate effects of PT73 (TM) on blood coagulation and liver, which are considered to be adverse. As a consequence, the FEEDAP Panel is unable to conclude on the safety for the consumer of products derived from animals receiving feed containing PT73 (TM). PT73 (TM) is not considered a skin/eye irritant but should be considered as a potential skin and respiratory sensitiser. Moreover, any exposure of users to dust from the product via the inhalation route should be considered a serious risk. The FEEDAP Panel considers that substitution of PT73 (TM) for other protein-rich feed materials will not adversely affect the environment

Safety and nutritional value of a dried killed bacterial biomass from Escherichia coli (FERM BP‐10941) (PL73 (LM)) as a feed material for pigs, ruminants and salmonids

PL73 (LM) is a dried, heat-inactivated bacterial biomass used as a feed material produced from an Escherichia coli K-12 strain, which was genetically modified to overproduce lysine. The recipient organism E. coli K-12S B-7 is considered to be safe. The traits introduced in the final modified strain E. coli FERM BP-10941 are mainly limited to the overproduction of lysine. No full-length antibiotic resistance genes or other sequences of concern remain in the modified strain. In conclusion, the EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) does not identify risks for human and animal health or the environment from the biomass regarding the genetic modification of the strain. Although considering the zootechnical end-points only, the maximum safe level for dairy cows would be 6% PL73 (LM) of feed dry matter (~ 5% in complete feed) and for pigs for fattening up to 6% PL73 (LM), the unexplained effects on blood coagulation, on plasma lipoproteins in dairy cows and on total plasma bilirubin and liver weight in pigs prevent a clear conclusion of safe dietary levels for ruminants and pigs for fattening. PL73 (LM) is safe for salmonids up to a dietary concentration of 13%. The toxicological data indicate adverse effects of PL73 (LM) on blood coagulation and liver, which also occur in target species. As a consequence, the FEEDAP Panel is unable to conclude on the safety for the consumer of products derived from animals receiving feed containing PL73 (LM). PL73 (LM) is not considered a skin/eye irritant but should be considered as a potential skin and respiratory sensitiser. Moreover, any exposure of users to dust from the product via the inhalation route should be considered a serious risk. The FEEDAP Panel considers that substitution of PL73 (LM) for other protein-rich feed materials will not adversely affect the environment

The influence of alpha-tocopherol supplementation on plasma concentration of this vitamin and insulin in sedentary or physically trained rats

Male young growing rats of Wistar strain (n=54) were fed a vitamin E deficient diet for 3 days of adaptation period and then 10 days of experimental period. After adaptation half of the rats ran, once per a day, on a treadmill with a rate of 2.0 m/s for 15 minutes for the following 10 days. Animals were given orally 0, 0.5, 1.0 or 4.0 mg/d/rat of α-tocopherol. The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of physical training on tocopherol and insulin concentrations in the blood plasma of rats treated with different doses of vitamin E. The concentrations of α-tocopherol (HPLC-UV method used) and insulin (rat insulin specific RIA method used) were estimated in the blood plasma. Lower concentration of vitamin E in physically trained animals was observed, which may suggest increased needs of organisms for antioxidants, as a result of increased free radical production. In trained rats a lower concentration of plasma insulin was also observed. This effect is probably related to improvement in insulin action observed in organisms under physical exercise. The most significant impact on plasma α-tocopherol was due to its supplementation level. The treatment of rats with different doses of α-tocopherol was found to be not related to insulin concentration in plasma. A significant increase in feed conversion factor was noted in vitamin E treated animals. The obtained results suggest that the increased requirement of trained rats for antioxidants might be covered by α-tocopherol supplementation

Influence of training and vitamin C supplementation on liver mineral content in rats

Przeprowadzono badania wpływu wysiłku i dodatku witaminy C na zawartość wapnia, magnezu, żelaza, cynku, manganu i miedzi w wątrobach szczurów. Zwierzęta były podzielone na cztery grupy i przez 90 dni żywione były ad libitum dietami półsyntetycznymi o wartości energetycznej 1,47 kJ/100 g (350 kcal/100 g), z czego 20% energii pochodziło z białka. Dwie grupy szczurów otrzymywały powyższą dietę z dodatkiem witaminy C. Diety te zawierały 375 mg tej witaminy/kg diety, co stanowiło 15-o krotność poziomu w dietach bez dodatku witaminy C. Szczury z dwóch grup spośród wyżej wymienionych czterech, z jednej bez dodatku i z jednej otrzymującej dodatek witaminy C, były codziennie trenowane przez godzinę na bieżni. U trenowanych szczurów obserwowano wzrost stężenia badanych pierwiastków w wątrobie, z wyjątkiem żelaza. Istotnie wyższe stężenia stwierdzono u szczurów w przypadku: Mg (288 ±12 i 329 ±13 mg/kg), Zn (48,8 ±1,8 i 57,9 ±1,9 mg/kg) oraz Cu (4,50 ±0,18 i 5,36 ±0,19 mg/kg). Stężenie Cu u zwierząt nietrenowanych karmionych dietą z wysoką zawartością witaminy C było także istotnie wyższe (5,38 ±0,27 mg/kg) niż w grupie nietrenowanych szczurów nieotrzymujących witaminy C (3,63 ±0,24 mg/kg).The objective was to study the effect of training and vitamin C supplementation on hepatic Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu concentration in rats. Animals were randomly divided into four groups fed ad libitum for 90 days with semipurified diets containing 1.47 MJ brutto energy per 100 g (350 kcal/100 g) and 20% of energy originated from protein. Two groups of rats were offered above diets enriched with vitamin C (375 mg/kg diet in total). It was the 15 fold higher concentration than in groups without supplementation. Rats of two groups, one fed without addition of vitamin C and the other supplemented with vitamin C, were trained for one hour daily. In trained rats higher liver concentration of minerals was observed, except iron. The significantly higher concentration was stated in case of: Mg (288 ±12 i 329 ±13 mg/kg), Zn (48.8 ±1.8 i 5.7.9 ±1.9 mg/kg) and Cu (4.50 ±0.18 i 5.36 ±0.19 mg/kg). Liver Cu concentration in untrained animals supplemented with vitamin C was also significantly higher (5.38 ±0.27 mg/kg) than in untrained group fed diet with normal vitamin C content (3.63 ±0.24 mg/kg)

Wpływ różnych faz dojrzałości owocu durianu Durio zibethinus na zawartość cynku w wątrobie szczurów obciążonych cholesterolem

The effect of different ripening stages of durian Durio zibethinus fruit on zinc content in liver of rats loaded with cholesterol. Durian Durio zibethinus is an exotic, climacteric fruit, rich in dietary fiber, polyphenols, saccharides, vitamins and minerals. Postharvest changes in durian fruit influence its physical and chemical quality, which determined its health protective effect – antioxidant and hypocholesterolemic. Durian is a good source of zinc. The aim of this study was to investigate the zinc content in lyophilisate of durian fruit and in the diets supplemented with durian fruits at different stages of maturity. The in vivo experiment was designed to determine the influence of these diets on zinc content in the liver of rats loaded with cholesterol. The zinc content in durian fruit, in the diets, and in rats livers was examined using a flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (Perkin-Elemer 1100B). The zinc content in durian fruits ranged from 8.1 to 12.3 mg/kg. The zinc content amounted 45.0, 44.2, 47.1, 47.3 and 48.0 mg/kg in C, ch, chDM, ch DR and chDOR diet, respectively. The content of zinc in the liver in all animal groups was within the normal limits and amounted from 25.0 to 33.0 mg/kg fresh weight. Diet supplemented with durian fruits at different stages of ripening increases accumulation of zinc in the liver of rats loaded with cholesterol. Durian fruits, especially ripe ones, could be used as a natural supplementation of zinc in the diet and might be helpful in prevention of diseases or disorders related to zinc deficiency.Wpływ różnych faz dojrzałości owocu durianu Durio zibethinus na zawartość cynku w wątrobie szczurów obciążonych cholesterolem. Durian Durio zibethinus to egzotyczny, klimakteryczny owoc, bogaty we włókno pokarmowe, polifenole, oligosacharydy, witaminy i minerały. Zmiany następujące po zbiorze owoców durianu wpływają na ich fizyczne i chemiczne parametry determinujące ich właściwości zdrowotne – przeciwutleniające i hypocholesterolemiczne. Durian jest cennym źródłem cynku. Celem badania było określenie zawartości cynku w owocach durianu, w dietach z dodatkiem durianu w różnych fazach jego dojrzałości. Badanie in vivo miało na celu określenie wpływu tych diet na zawartość cynku w wątrobie szczurów obciążonych cholesterolem. Zawartość cynku w owocach durianu, w dietach i wątrobach oznaczono metodą płomieniowej absorpcji atomowej (Perkin-Elmer 1100B). Zawartość cynku w liofilizacie owoców durianu mieściła się w zakresie 8,1–12,3 mg/kg. Zawartość cynku w dietach: C, ch, chDM, ch DR and chDOR wynosiła odpowiednio 45,0, 44,2, 47,1, 47,3 i 48,0 mg/kg. W wątrobie szczurów wszystkich grup zawartość cynku mieściła się w zakresie wartości referencyjnych i wynosiła od 25,0 do 33,0 mg/kg świeżej masy. Diety z dodatkiem owoców durianu w różnej fazie dojrzałości zwiększają akumulację cynku w wątrobie szczurów obciążonych cholesterolem. Owoce durianu, w szczególności dojrzałe, mogą być stosowane jako naturalny suplement cynku w diecie i być pomocne w prewencji chorób lub stanach związanych z niedoborem cynku

Diety z dodatkiem Mytilus galloprovincialis z wód niezanieczyszczonych i zanieczyszczonych oraz ich wpływ na zawartość cynku w wątrobie szczurów obciążonych cholesterolem

Diets supplemented with Mytilus galloprovincialis from polluted and non-polluted waters and their influence on zinc content in liver of rats loaded with cholesterol. Mussels may reflect the environmental problems that the ecosystem faces. Mytilus galloprovincialis is widely used as an indicator of water pollution in biological monitoring studies. These mussels are filter feeders and may accumulate important ecosystem pollutants what in turn may pose a potential risk to other organisms in the food chain. The aim of the study was to determine zinc content in the diets supplemented with mussels from polluted and non-polluted areas and in the livers of rats fed these diets for 30 days. The zinc content in the diets with mussels from contaminated and noncontaminated waters and in rat livers was examined using a flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (Perkin-Elmer 1100B). The slight increase in zinc content from 73.2 ±1.2 mg/ /kg in ch diet (control with 1% of cholesterol) to 77.2 ±0.5 mg/kg in the diet with mussels from polluted site was found, but zinc content in all diet was within the normal limits reviewed by McDowell (1992) – 40 to 100 ppm. Zinc content in the diet supplemented with mussels from nonpolluted site (73.7 ±3.7 mg/kg) was similar to that found in ch diet. It can be concluded that cholesterol does not affect zinc bioaccumulation. However, prolonged consumption of mussels from contaminated sites may increase accumulation of zinc in the liver of rats.Diety z dodatkiem Mytilus galloprovincialis z wód niezanieczyszczonych i zanieczyszczonych oraz ich wpływ na zawartość cynku w wątrobie szczurów obciążonych cholesterolem. Małże mogą odzwierciedlać problemy środowiskowe, przed którymi stoi ekosystem. Mytilus galloprovincialis jest szeroko wykorzystywany w biomonitoringu. Małże te są filtratorami i mogą kumulować w tkankach ważne zanieczyszczenia z ekosystemu, co z kolei może stanowić potencjalne zagrożenie dla innych organizmów w łańcuchu troficznym. Celem badania było określenie zawartości cynku w dietach z dodatkiem małży z obszarów niezanieczyszczonych i zanieczyszczonych oraz w wątrobach szczurów żywionych tymi dietami przez 30 dni. Zawartość cynku w dietach z małżami z zanieczyszczonych i niezanieczyszczonych wód i wątrobach szczurów oznaczono metodą płomieniowej absorpcji atomowej (Perkin-Elmer 1100B). Wykazano nieznaczny wzrost zawartości cynku w diecie z małżami z wód zanieczyszczonych (77,2 ±0,5 mg/kg) względem grupy ch – kontrola z 1% udziałem cholesterolu (73,2 ±1,2 mg/kg), ale zawartość cynku we wszystkich dietach mieściła się w granicach normy podanych przez McDowell (1992) – 40–100 ppm. Zawartość cynku w diecie z małżami z obszarów niezanieczyszczonych (73,7 ±3,7 mg/kg) była zbliżona do zawartości w diecie grupy ch. Podsumowując wyniki, można stwierdzić, że cholesterol nie wpływa na bioakumulację cynku. Jednak, długotrwałe spożywanie małży z wód zanieczyszczonych może zwiększyć akumulację cynku w wątrobie szczurów

Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of L-valine produced by Corynebacterium glutamicum (KCCM 80058) for all animal species, based on a dossier submitted by CJ Europe GmbH

L-Valine is a feed additive produced by a genetically modified strain of Corynebacterium glutamicum. Neither the production strain nor its recombinant DNA was found in the final product. The final product does not raise any safety concern with regard to the genetic modifications. L-Valine is safe for all target animals when added in appropriate amounts to diets. However, the FEEDAP Panel has concerns over the safety of L-valine for target species when administered via water for drinking since any additional supply of an essential amino acid would disturb the balanced amino acid pattern of complete diets. When used in animal nutrition, L-valine will be incorporated into the protein of the body of the target animal, and any potential excess will be metabolised and excreted. Considering the high purity of the product under assessment, and the lack of toxicological effects at likely use levels, no risks are expected for the consumer from the use L-valine as a feed additive. The L-valine produced by such strain of C. glutamicum has been shown not to be an irritant or a dermal sensitiser. The results of an acute inhalation study performed at high concentration show no evidence of significant acute toxicity by this route. Exposure of users by inhalation cannot be excluded. L-Valine is a natural constituent of plants and animals. Its use in animal nutrition does not represent a risk to the environment. L-Valine is efficacious as a supplemented amino acid to maintain or restore the adequate balance of amino acids for animal nutrition. A response in ruminants requires some degree of protection of L-valine from ruminal degradation

Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of L-methionine produced by Escherichia coli (KCCM 11252P) and Escherichia coli (KCCM 11340P) for all animal species

L-Methionine, feed grade, is a feed additive produced by two genetically modified Escherichia coli strains. Neither the production strains nor their recombinant DNA were detected in the final product; thus, no safety concerns are associated with the genetic modification of the production strains. The L-methionine produced by such E. coli strains is safe for the target animals when used as a feed additive to meet their requirements. The FEEDAP Panel has concerns over the safety of L-methionine for the target species when administered via water for drinking since any additional supply of an essential amino acid would disturb the balanced amino acid profile of complete diets. There are no safety concerns for the consumer associated with the use of L-methionine in animal nutrition. The additive L-methionine was demonstrated to be without irritant or dermal sensitising properties. Although no data on dusting potential were provided, the FEEDAP Panel considers it unlikely that the user will be exposed to significant amounts of L-methionine by inhalation. L-Methionine is a natural constituent of plants and animals. Its use in animal nutrition does not represent a risk to the environment. The additive L-methionine is considered an efficacious source of the amino acid L-methionine for all animal species

Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of L-cystine for all animal species

L-cystine is a dispensable sulphur-containing amino acid, naturally occurring in proteins of plants and animals. L-cystine is safe for all animal species if the requirements for sulphur amino acids are respected. The maximum amount of L-cystine that can be safely added to the diet will depend on the levels of other sulphur-containing amino acids. Supplemental L-cystine will not be deposited in animal tissues as such: it will be incorporated in body proteins without causing any change in their natural composition or it will be metabolised and excreted. The product under application does not contain substances of toxicological concern. Thus, the use of L-cystine in animal nutrition does not raise any concerns for consumer safety. In the absence of any data, it would be prudent to consider L-cystine as irritant to skin, eyes and mucous membranes and as a potential dermal sensitiser. Therefore, it would be prudent to assume that exposure of skin, eyes and respiratory tract is hazardous. The use of the natural amino acid L-cystine as feed additive does not represent a risk to the environment. L-Cystine is considered efficacious in partially meeting the requirements for sulphur-containing amino acids in all animal species