Discussant\u27s response to Accounting and auditing history: Major developments in England and the United States from ancient roots through the mid-twentieth century

https://egrove.olemiss.edu/dl_proceedings/1050/thumbnail.jp

PyPhi: A toolbox for integrated information theory

Integrated information theory provides a mathematical framework to fully characterize the cause-effect structure of a physical system. Here, we introduce PyPhi, a Python software package that implements this framework for causal analysis and unfolds the full cause-effect structure of discrete dynamical systems of binary elements. The software allows users to easily study these structures, serves as an up-to-date reference implementation of the formalisms of integrated information theory, and has been applied in research on complexity, emergence, and certain biological questions. We first provide an overview of the main algorithm and demonstrate PyPhi's functionality in the course of analyzing an example system, and then describe details of the algorithm's design and implementation. PyPhi can be installed with Python's package manager via the command 'pip install pyphi' on Linux and macOS systems equipped with Python 3.4 or higher. PyPhi is open-source and licensed under the GPLv3; the source code is hosted on GitHub at https://github.com/wmayner/pyphi . Comprehensive and continually-updated documentation is available at https://pyphi.readthedocs.io/ . The pyphi-users mailing list can be joined at https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/pyphi-users . A web-based graphical interface to the software is available at http://integratedinformationtheory.org/calculate.html .Comment: 22 pages, 4 figures, 6 pages of appendices. Supporting information "S1 Calculating Phi" can be found in the ancillary file

Tracking autophagy during proliferation and differentiation of trypanosoma brucei

Autophagy is a lysosome-dependent degradation mechanism that sequesters target cargo into autophagosomal vesicles. The Trypanosoma brucei genome contains apparent orthologues of several autophagy-related proteins including an ATG8 family. These ubiquitin-like proteins are required for autophagosome membrane formation, but our studies show that ATG8.3 is atypical. To investigate the function of other ATG proteins, RNAi compatible T. brucei were modified to function as autophagy reporter lines by expressing only either YFP-ATG8.1 or YFP-ATG8.2. In the insect procyclic lifecycle stage, independent RNAi down-regulation of ATG3 or ATG7 generated autophagy-defective mutants and confirmed a pro-survival role for autophagy in the procyclic form nutrient starvation response. Similarly, RNAi depletion of ATG5 or ATG7 in the bloodstream form disrupted autophagy, but did not impede proliferation. Further characterisation showed bloodstream form autophagy mutants retain the capacity to undergo the complex cellular remodelling that occurs during differentiation to the procyclic form and are equally susceptible to dihydroxyacetone-induced cell death as wild type parasites, not supporting a role for autophagy in this cell death mechanism. The RNAi reporter system developed, which also identified TOR1 as a negative regulator controlling YFP-ATG8.2 but not YFP-ATG8.1 autophagosome formation, will enable further targeted analysis of the mechanisms and function of autophagy in the medically relevant bloodstream form of T. brucei

Effects of wheat and oat-based whole grain foods on serum lipoprotein size and distribution in overweight middle aged people : a randomised controlled trial

Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Imaging of the Stellar Population of IC10 with Laser Guide Star Adaptive Optics and the Hubble Space Telescope

We present adaptive optics (AO) images of the central starburst region of the dwarf irregular galaxy IC10. The Keck 2 telescope laser guide star was used to achieve near diffraction-limited performance at H and K' (Strehls of 18% and 32%, respectively). The images are centered on the putative Wolf-Rayet (W-R) object [MAC92]24. We combine our AO images with F814W data from HST. By comparing the K' vs. [F814W]-K' color-magnitude diagram (CMD) with theoretical isochrones, we find that the stellar population is best represented by at least two bursts of star formation, one ~ 10 Myr ago and one much older (150-500 Myr). Young, blue stars are concentrated in the vicinity of [MAC92]24. This population represents an OB association with a half-light radius of about 3 pc. We resolve the W-R object [MAC92]24 into at least six blue stars. Four of these components have near-IR colors and luminosities that make them robust WN star candidates. By matching the location of C-stars in the CMD with those in the SMC we derive a distance modulus for IC10 of about 24.5 mag. and a foreground reddening of E(B-V) = 0.95. We find a more precise distance by locating the tip of the giant branch in the F814W, H, and K' luminosity functions. We find a weighted mean distance modulus of 24.48 +/- 0.08. The systematic error in this measurement, due to a possible difference in the properties of the RGB populations in IC10 and the SMC, is +/- 0.16 mag.Comment: 13 pages, 13 figures, ApJ in pres

Identificación de las larvas de peces mediante MtDNA en la parte sur de la Gran Barrera de Coral, Australia

Planktonic larvae were captured above a shallow coral reef study site on the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) around spring-summer new moon periods (October-February) using light trap or net capture devices. Larvae were identified to the genus or species level by comparison with a phylogenetic tree of tropical marine fish species using mtDNA HVR1 sequence data. Further analysis showed that within-species HVR1 sequence variation was typically 1-3%, whereas between-species variation for the same genus ranged up to 50%, supporting the suitability of HVR1 for species identification. Given the current worldwide interest in DNA barcoding and species identification using an alternative mtDNA gene marker (cox1), we also explored the efficacy of different primer sets for amplification of cox1 in reef fish, and its suitability for species identification. Of those tested, the Fish-F1 and -R1 primer set recently reported by Ward et al. (2005) gave the best results.Las larvas estudiadas fueron capturadas en el plancton de una zona coralina somera en la Gran Barrera de Coral en períodos de luna-nueva de la estación primavera-verano (octubre-febrero). Su captura se realizó mediante trampas de luz o redes de plancton. Las larvas fueron identificadas a nivel de género o especie por la comparación de un árbol filogenético de especies de peces tropicales marinas usando datos de la secuencia HVR1 del DNA mitocondrial. El análisis adicional demostró que, para una misma especie, la variación de la secuencia HVR1 era típicamente 1-3%, mientras que entre especies del mismo género la variación fue de hasta 50%, apoyando la conveniencia del uso del HVR1 para la identificación a nivel específico. Dado el interés mundial actual en el “código de barras genético” y en la identificación de especies usando otro marcador genético de DNA mitochondrial, el cox1, se exploró también la eficacia de diversos “primers” para la amplificación del cox1 en peces de los arrecifes, y su conveniencia para la identificación específica. De los “primers” probados, el Fish-F1 y el -R1 set recientemente reportado por Ward et al. (2005) dieron los mejores resultados

Peregrine Falcon Survey, West Greenland, 1972

... The main purpose of the 1972 survey was to study a sample area of West Greenland to supply baseline data about peregrine falcons from which future surveys could determine the status and trends of this bird in Greenland. The main part of the study had as its goals: 1) to determine the density, distribution, and reproductive success of nesting peregrines in a sample area; 2) to band all peregrine nestlings found; 3) to determine prey species of the peregrine; 4) to make interspecific observations of peregrines and gyrfalcons; 5) to make detailed observations from a blind of a sample peregrine falcon eyrie; 6) to conduct a small-bird census in the area of the sample eyrie; 7) to make a photographic record in colour slides and movies of the investigations. ... Eight peregrine falcon eyries and 3 gyrfalcon eyries were found in the survey area. In all, 18 nestlings were found in the 8 peregrine eyries. Of the 8 eyries, 1 had no young, but showed signs of occupancy ... and was defended by an aggressive pair of falcons. Of the other 7 eyries where we found hatched young, 1 had 4 young, 4 had 3 young, and 2 had 1 young bird each. Of the total of 18 nestling peregrines, 13 were banded and 5 were fully-fledged, on the wing, and unable to be caught for banding. Of the peregrine nestlings banded, 9 were males and 4 were females. The number of nestlings (18) in the 8 peregrine eyries gave a production rate of 2.25 per eyrie, or 2.57 if an average is taken of the 7 eyries actually producing young. At 1 eyrie a young falcon was found dead (the eyrie with 4 young). We know that at least 8 of the remaining 17 young fledged successfully, but we are uncertain about the success of the others and cannot therefore make a definite statement on fledging ratio. We estimate, however, that the fledging rate of the peregrines in our survey area was at least 2.00 per producing eyrie. The maximum dimensions of our irregularly-shaped survey area were 39 x 34 miles (63 x 55 km). The estimated area of the survey was about 800 sq. mi. (2,072 sq. km), or about 700 sq. mi. (1,800 sq. km) when the surface area of fiords and lakes is excluded. The nesting density of the active, young-producing peregrine eyries (7) was about 1 pair per 100 sq. mi. (260 sq. km). ... At the 3 gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus) eyries we found 8 nestlings or fully-fledged young, of which we were able to band 3. Peregrines and gyrfalcons (and a rare white-tailed sea eagle, Haliaetus albicilla) are the only avian predators nesting in southern West Greenland, although ravens (Corvus corax) competed for some nesting cliff sites. We collected remains of prey species and pellets at each falcon eyrie. Addled eggs (2) from 2 peregrine eyries were collected for pesticide analysis. Eggshell fragments for thickness determination were gathered at 5 peregrine eyries. ... Peregrine falcons in West Greenland appear to be in a healthy state as evidenced by a high nesting density (1/100 sq. mi.) and a high production rate (2.25/eyrie), especially in light of the unusually severe conditions in West Greenland during the winter and late spring of 1971-72. We found little interspecific competition for prey species between peregrines and gyrfalcons. The gyrfalcon is already nesting in West Greenland before the peregrines arrive from their winter migration to the south. The gyrfalcons could therefore be expected to be aggressive in defence of their nesting cliffs and thereby occupy optimal cliffs. Despite this, all the peregrines we studied occupied high, sheer, and quite optimal nesting cliffs. Gyrfalcons seemed to prefer a nesting site lower down on a cliff face than peregrines, and both falcons preferred high, sheer cliffs with a southern exposure. Ravens were relegated to lower, less desirable (more accessible) cliffs for nesting. We await pesticide analysis of the peregrine falcon eggs and prey species collected, as well as eggshell thickness determination. Before these facts are determined we can say nothing definite about the status of peregrines in Greenland. Nesting density and production, however, suggest that the status of the peregrine is better in Greenland than in other areas of the north. ..